This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Technology in Psychiatry/Clinical Psychology Training and Education (28) Methods and New Tools in Mental Health Research (463) Mobile Health in Psychiatry (438) Digital Mental Health Interventions, e-Mental Health and Cyberpsychology (1565)
Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/41773, first published .
Training Staff Across the Veterans Affairs Health Care System to Use Mobile Mental Health Apps: A National Quality Improvement Project

Training Staff Across the Veterans Affairs Health Care System to Use Mobile Mental Health Apps: A National Quality Improvement Project

Training Staff Across the Veterans Affairs Health Care System to Use Mobile Mental Health Apps: A National Quality Improvement Project

Authors of this article:

Pearl McGee-Vincent1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Margaret-Anne Mackintosh1 Author Orcid Image ;   Andrea L Jamison1 Author Orcid Image ;   Katherine Juhasz1, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Colleen Becket-Davenport1, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Jeane Bosch1 Author Orcid Image ;   Timothy J Avery1, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Lauren Glamb1, 6 Author Orcid Image ;   Shilpa Hampole1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (5) Tweetations (7) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, United States

    2Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Veterans Health Administration, Menlo Park, CA, United States

    3National Training Division, Education Service, Veterans Benefits Administration, Washington, DC, United States

    4Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States

    5Peninsula Vet Center, Readjustment Counselling Services, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Menlo Park, CA, United States

    6Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, HI, United States

    Corresponding Author:

    Pearl McGee-Vincent, PsyD

    Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention

    Veterans Health Administration

    795 Willow Rd (334-NCPTSD)

    Menlo Park, CA, 94025

    United States

    Phone: 1 650 353 8847

    Email: pearl.mcgee-vincent@va.gov


    Background: The National Center for PTSD, within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), has developed a suite of free, publicly available, evidence-informed apps that can reach an increasing number of veterans and bridge gaps in care by providing resources to those who are not engaged in mental health treatment. To expand the reach of these apps, staff across VA service lines learned about these apps, their features and limitations, and how to introduce them to veterans.

    Objective: This study aimed to develop, disseminate, and evaluate a training for multidisciplinary staff as part of a national quality improvement project to increase the reach of mobile mental health apps as a resource for veterans.

    Methods: Sites from all of VA’s 18 geographic regions enrolled in this project. At each site, a minimum of 25 VA staff members who had direct contact with veterans, including staff from the mental health service line and all other service lines, were recruited to participate. Training included a 3-hour multidisciplinary core module, and a 1-hour clinical integration module designed specifically for mental health clinicians. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, the trainings were adapted to a live, web-based format. Pre- and posttraining surveys assessed program reach (ie, participants enrolled per site), satisfaction, and effectiveness of the training as measured by changes in knowledge, basic skills, and behavioral intentions to use apps with veterans.

    Results: A total of 1110 participants representing 34 disciplines at 19 VA sites completed the training. Overall, 67% (743/1109) of participants were mental health staff members. Sites averaged 58.4 participants (SD 36.49, median [IQR] 51). Most (961/1024, 93.85%) participants were satisfied with the training and reported that they (941/1018, 92.44%) would recommend it to others. App knowledge scores significantly increased from pretraining (mean 80.8% correct, SD 15.77%) to posttraining (mean 91.1% correct, SD 9.57%; P<.001). At posttraining, participants also reported greater confidence in their ability to show veterans how to download (z=−13.86; P<.001) and use VA mental health apps (z=−15.13; P<.001). There was near universal endorsement by staff for their intentions to recommend apps to veterans as well as their ability to think of at least one specific veteran to whom they could recommend an app. Staff also reported a strong motivation to encourage other VA staff to share apps with veterans.

    Conclusions: The training far exceeded the initial goals for staff recruitment and training for all three metrics. Overall, 33% (366/1109) of participants came from service lines outside of mental health, indicating the feasibility of introducing these mental health resources during medical appointments and in other contexts.

    JMIR Ment Health 2023;10:e41773

    doi:10.2196/41773

    Keywords

    mental health; mobile apps; digital health; technology; veterans; training 


    To expand access to mental health self-management resources, the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) National Center for PTSD develops free mental health apps (VA MH apps) that provide psychoeducation, symptom tracking, and coping tools for PTSD and other related mental health concerns [1,2]. Although these self-care apps (eg, PTSD Coach, Insomnia Coach, and Mindfulness Coach) do not replace treatment, they have the potential to bridge gaps in care by making mental health resources, including information for accessing professional care, available to veterans who experience barriers to treatment [3]. In addition, for veterans participating in evidence-based psychotherapy, treatment companion apps (eg, PE Coach for prolonged exposure therapy) can facilitate aspects of treatment protocols (eg, access to educational materials, between-session homework, and session recordings) [4].

    With an estimated 10,000 mental health apps available [5] and minimal quality control or gatekeeping in the app marketplaces [6], it is important that VA staff recommend apps that are evidence-informed and do not compromise patient privacy. VA MH apps are free to download, do not require an account or log-in, do not collect or store identifiable data, and are developed with subject matter expertise [2]. Furthermore, VA MH apps are required to comply with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act [7], meaning that they are accessible to individuals with disabilities. Although VA MH apps are available to any member of the public, content is designed to be acceptable to a veteran user base. In fact, VA MH apps have been well received by VA patients and staff [8] and are feasible to use [9-11]. Although not designed to constitute stand-alone treatment interventions, VA MH apps contain active components of evidence-based psychotherapies [12]. Naturalistic use data indicate that the PTSD Coach app, in particular, has promising potential as a public health resource [13,14]. In addition, PTSD Coach users who received clinician support when using the app in primary care were more likely to accept a mental health referral and attend PTSD treatment [15].

    Despite the potential benefits of VA MH apps and the increasing number of veterans with access to a smartphone or tablet, a minority of veterans engaged in VA care have heard of or used these apps [16]. To increase awareness and use of a similar suite of apps, Armstrong et al [17] implemented a training program over a 3-year period (2014-2017) in which 760 mental health clinicians, primarily in the Department of Defense (DoD), were trained on how to integrate VA and DoD apps into mental health treatment. Given that many VA patients with mental health needs do not engage in formal mental health treatment [18], training staff outside mental health settings to use these apps could be an important way to reach such patients. As VA MH apps for self-care can be introduced by any VA staff member (eg, chaplains, primary care physicians, and peer support specialists), a training program was developed to meet the learning needs of staff who are part of the mental health service line (MHSL) as well as all other service lines (AOSLs). The training program was designed to increase participants’ (1) knowledge about VA MH apps, (2) confidence in their ability to download and use these apps with veterans, and (3) intention to use VA MH apps with veterans in the months following the training. Originally designed to be delivered in-person, the training was modified to a live, web-based format due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting travel restrictions.

    This training was part of a national quality improvement project to increase veterans’ access to VA MH apps as a resource. As training is important but often insufficient to implement new practices [19], the project team used Implementation Facilitation [20] to support the implementation and sustainment of VA MH apps as an integrated part of care at participating sites. Implementation Facilitation is a widely used set of practices that leverages trained Facilitators along with tailored organizational strategies to help health care organizations overcome barriers and increase the adoption of evidence-based or promising practice [20]. This paper will focus primarily on the evaluation of the training, and a subsequent manuscript will elaborate on the results of the implementation activities that followed.


    Formative Evaluation

    Formative evaluation (FE) is a process of evaluating and modifying the content and design of training as it is developed [21]. As part of the FE, interviews were conducted with VA staff to identify learner needs, tailor training objectives, and adapt content from existing training materials. For example, FE helped the project team to determine how to modify the training content to accommodate the needs of staff from different disciplines. This process was ongoing, meaning that the training was modified over time, as new information was collected from participants. This information was obtained formally (via surveys) and informally (via verbal participant feedback), as well as through interviews with Facilitators and members of the project team who delivered the training and served as the primary point of contact with participating sites.

    Recruitment

    Site-Level

    To maximize the reach of the project, sites from each of VA’s 18 geographic regions that span the entire United States were invited to apply with the goal of enrolling one participating site per region. These sites were identified, via FE interviews, as having a site champion (defined below), leadership buy-in, and interest in participation from mental health, and at least one other service line.

    Sites interested in enrolling were required to (1) identify a site champion, or “mHealth Specialist,” to lead the initiative locally, including coordinating with Facilitators for training and subsequent implementation activities; (2) identify at least 25 staff participants; (3) provide time for enrolled staff to participate in a live 4-hour training; (4) identify and engage key stakeholders (eg, managers and leaders from across programs) to participate in a site visit to include leadership briefings and an implementation planning session; and (5) agree to participate in the 3-month implementation initiative following the training.

    Participant-Level

    All staff members at enrolled sites who had direct contact with veterans were eligible to participate, pending supervisor approval. In addition to those who provide direct clinical care, other staff members such as medical support assistants, librarians, and peer support specialists were also eligible. Facilitators provided tailored support and recruitment materials (eg, information packets and flyers) to help sites identify and recruit staff to participate in the project. Ultimately, the sites used several recruitment strategies. For example, mHealth Specialists and service-line leadership at most sites disseminated a project recruitment flyer via email with an electronic enrollment link to all service line staff. Other sites worked with a public affairs officer to email the flyer to all staff. At most sites, the participants were self-selected. However, in some instances, supervisors from individual teams nominated representatives to participate in the training. Occasionally, the entire team or service line was directed by local leadership to enroll in the project.

    Design of the VA MH Apps Training

    Development of the Training

    The training curriculum was adapted from training by Armstrong et al [17] and trainings developed previously by the project team. These include conference workshops on VA MH apps [22], a web-based course [23], and a book chapter describing how to integrate apps into care [24]. These materials were integrated with information collected during FE interviews and adapted to be relevant for both MHSL and AOSL participants with varying levels of skills and experience using the VA MH apps.

    The project team created a 3-hour core training for all staff, regardless of discipline, and a 1-hour clinical integration module designed specifically for staff who provide mental health treatment. Topics for the core training included the rationale for recommending VA MH apps for self-care, live demonstrations of self-care apps, practical suggestions for introducing apps to veterans, and an overview of related resources for veterans and VA staff. The live app demonstrations featured the 2 most downloaded VA MH apps: PTSD Coach and Mindfulness Coach. In addition, the digital Safety Plan, a newly added feature of the PTSD Coach app, was designed to provide a readily accessible, mobile option for the safety planning for suicide intervention worksheet. The training provided practical examples for introducing apps in a range of settings and scenarios to help participants determine how to best fit these resources into their workflows. The 1-hour clinical integration module then focused on apps as an adjunct to mental health treatment. Topics relevant to clinicians (eg, education on obtaining informed consent when integrating apps into care and demonstration of treatment companion apps) were covered in this section. All training sessions were delivered by Facilitators.

    Consistent with FE, the project team continued to refine the training based on systematic documentation of feedback, including participant input during training, feedback on posttraining surveys, and posttraining interviews with Facilitators. Some examples of changes made during the course of the project included the addition of a live demonstration of the Anger & Irritability Management Skills (AIMS) app during the clinical integration hour, rearranging material to improve flow, and the creation of flexible breakout groups in the clinical integration module, in which participants could choose the treatment companion app they would like to see (eg, PE Coach vs CPT Coach). Training modifications were often larger in scope following the first few training sessions; however, small modifications were made as required through the course of the training period.

    In addition to increasing participants’ awareness of VA MH apps and their ability to download and use them competently with veterans in accordance with their scope of practice, the third objective of the training was to increase participants’ intentions to apply what they had learned. As part of the training, participants were encouraged to share VA MH apps with veterans and other staff over the course of the 3 months following the training and beyond.

    Site Visits

    The trainings were designed to take place during an in-person site visit led by 2 Facilitators at each participating site. Sites elected to offer 1 or 2 staff training days, depending on the number of participants enrolled, the capacity of the conference room (for in-person visits), and staff schedules. The participants completed the surveys (described below) before and after each training. In addition to the trainings, site visits included an implementation planning session and leadership briefings, which were designed to support the application of training and the sustainment of new practices.

    Adaptations Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

    Site visits, including live training sessions, were scheduled to take place on a rolling basis over 12 months, from January to December 2020, at a rate of approximately 3 visits every 2 months. The first 3 site visits occurred in person before the COVID-19 pandemic. Several in-person site visits scheduled for the spring were postponed and ultimately converted to a live, web-based format. After a pause and recalibration, the first web-based site visit occurred in June 2020, and the remaining 15 site visits occurred via web from July to December.

    Instead of each visit spanning 1 to 3 days on-site, web-based site visit activities could be spread out over 1 to 2 weeks to accommodate multiple schedules. Trainings were also adapted to make them more engaging in web-based formats [25,26]. For example, breakout groups, multimedia elements, and polls were added to foster audience participation. Facilitators encouraged participants to interact in the chat by offering prompts and answering questions in real time. The breakout groups discussed pertinent training topics and promoted the participants’ engagement. Finally, Facilitators included an interactive exercise after each live demonstration of an app, which allowed participants to gain hands-on experience navigating through the app to find answers to prompts. QR codes were also added to the training slides and other project materials so that participants could easily access them during the web-based training.

    Measures

    Survey of Participant Characteristics, Attitudes, and Use of Technology

    Before training, participants completed web-based surveys regarding their demographics and role within VA, as well as their attitudes toward, skills, comfort with, and use of VA MH apps. Items measuring basic skills, as well as knowledge about and behavioral intentions to use VA MH apps, were assessed again immediately posttraining. Individual items from these sources were used to describe the sample and compare the background characteristics between MHSL and AOSL staff. Participants who reported serving both the MHSL and AOSL were included in the MHSL group.

    Training Program Reach

    To assess the reach of the training, the metrics used were (1) a minimum of 25 participants per site and (2) participation from both MHSL and AOSL staff.

    Training Satisfaction

    Two items in the posttraining survey were used to assess the participants’ satisfaction with the program. The first item asked how satisfied each person was with the training and the second evaluated whether they would recommend the training to others. Each item was rated on a 5-point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree with a midpoint of neither agree nor disagree. We reported the percentage of participants who either strongly agreed or agreed with the 2 questions as our measure of program satisfaction.

    Training Effectiveness

    Three domains were used to assess the effectiveness of the training program: (1) increase in knowledge about VA MH apps, (2) acquisition of the basic skills needed to demonstrate how to download and use VA MH apps with veterans, and (3) participants’ behavioral intentions to use VA MH apps with veterans and other staff in the 3 months following training.

    Knowledge Check

    Knowledge about using VA MH apps was assessed using a 16-item knowledge test created specifically for this project. The item content was developed by Facilitators and other subject matter experts and was based on the information highlighted during the training. The percentage of correctly answered items was used as a knowledge metric.

    Basic Skills

    Possession of the basic skills to use VA MH apps with veterans was measured using 2 items assessing confidence in one’s “knowledge and skills necessary to demonstrate to Veterans how to download VA apps” and “knowledge and skills necessary to demonstrate to Veterans how to use VA apps.” Each item was rated on a 5-point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree with neither agree nor disagree as the midpoint.

    Behavioral Intentions

    Behavioral intentions to use VA MH apps with veterans were measured using 3 items adapted from Kim and Park, 2012 [27], which are grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior by Ajzen [28]. The questions were (1) “I will recommend VA apps to Veterans in the next 3 months,” (2) “I can think of at least one Veteran I plan to recommend or use a VA app within the next month,” and (3) “I will encourage other VA staff to recommend or use VA apps with Veterans.” Each item was scored on a 4-point scale: definitely will, probably will, probably will not, and definitely will not.

    Statistical Analysis

    Analyses focused on descriptive statistics detailing the composition and characteristics of the key groups and primary outcomes. Inferential statistics, including 2-sided t tests and general linear models, were used to analyze continuous outcomes. Chi-square tests were used to compare independent groups, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare paired groups when analyses included nominal and ordinal outcomes. In addition to assessing the statistical significance of the results, we provided effect size estimates. For t tests, standardized mean differences (Cohen d) are presented using the conventional interpretative guidelines of 0.20=small, 0.50=medium, and 0.80=large effects [29]. Effect sizes for the general linear models are summarized using partial η2 with interpretative guidelines for 0.01=small, 0.09=medium, and 0.25=large effects [29]. All the available data were used for each analysis. Because multiple statistical tests were conducted, family-wise error was controlled using the Holm step-down method, which yielded a criterion of .001 for unadjusted P values [30]. We report unadjusted P values, and those equal to or smaller than this criterion (P=.001) were considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 24.0; IBM Corp).

    Missing data rates varied from less than 1% for many of the background variables (eg, service lines and disciplines), approximately 25% (about 278/1110) for basic skills and behavioral intention items, and approximately 30% (about 333/1110) for sociodemographic items (eg, age, gender, and education), which appeared at the end of the survey. Of the 1110 participants enrolled in the project, 862 (77.66%) started the pretraining survey and 1023 (92.16%) started the posttraining survey. As most statistical procedures used (ie, chi-square analyses and Wilcoxon rank sum tests) do not have easily accessible routines to pool the results required to use modern multiple imputation procedures, sensitivity analyses were conducted using 20 multiply imputed data sets, in which (1) the analyses described were replicated using the 20 imputed sets, and (2) analyses using similar but more complex statistical procedures answering similar questions (eg, binary or ordinal regression) were explored. The patterns of the results remained unchanged across the analyses. Thus, initial analyses are provided.

    Ethics Approval

    Ethics approval was obtained from the Stanford Institutional Review Board (Protocol #60207), and this project was determined not to qualify as human subjects research.


    Sample Description

    The sample consisted of 1110 participants and included 42.42% (467/1101) staff members who reported that they provided mental health services or psychotherapy. In addition, 53.18% (569/1070) of participants reported conducting safety planning interventions for suicide prevention. Tables 1 and 2 present the staff work characteristics and sociodemographic information of MHSL staff (743/1109, 67%) and AOSL staff (366/1109, 33%, one participant’s service line could not be identified). A total of 39 participants reported serving both on the mental health and another service line and were counted in the MHSL group. The 2 staff types were similar in gender, disability status, years of experience working with veterans, and average number of hours per week spent interacting with veterans. The 2 groups differed on two background characteristics. First, MHSL staff members were slightly younger (mean 44.2, SD 10.16) compared with AOSL staff members (mean 46.0, SD 10.9), t743=2.11, P=.04, Cohen d=0.17. Second, MHSL staff reported higher educational attainment compared with AOSL staff, χ25=73.41, P<.001.

    The 1110 participants represented a range of service lines with 67% (743/1109) from MHSL, 14.92% (165/1106) from primary care, 14.29% (158/1106) from Medical Specialty service lines, and 7.96% (88/1106) from other service lines. Across service lines, 68.17% (754/1106) of the participants worked in outpatient programs, 20.80% (230/1106) reported working across 2 or more program types, 9.13% (101/1106) worked in inpatient or residential programs, and 1.90% (21/1106) reported working in research or administrative roles. The participants represented 34 different disciplines (Table 3).

    Table 1. Participants’ age and work characteristics (N=862).
    CharacteristicsMHSLa staff (n=602b)AOSLc staff (n=260b)Statistical results

    		nmean (SD)nmean (SD)t test (df)P valueCohen dd
    Age (years)52144.2 (10.2)23446.0 (10.9)2.1 (753.0).040.2
    Experience working with veterans (years)5498.4 (5.6)2438.0 (6.4)−0.87 (413.5).41−0.1
    Hours interacting with veterans per week54524.2 (11.0)23923.5 (13.8)−0.76 (376.6).49−0.1

    aMHSL: mental health service line.

    b862 of the 1110 participants (77.66%) enrolled in the project responded to the pretraining survey.

    cAOSL: all other service lines.

    dStandardized mean difference representing between-group effect size as Cohen d, guideline for effect sizes: small=0.20, medium=0.50, and large=0.80.

    Table 2. Participants’ sociodemographic descriptors (N=862).
    CharacteristicsMHSLa staff (n=602b), n (%)AOSLc staff (n=260b), n (%)Statistical results



    		χ2 (df)P value
    Gender7.4 (3).06

    		Woman397 (71.8)193 (79.1)


    		Man144 (26)46 (18.9)


    		Nonbinary0 (0)1 (0.4)


    		Prefer not to say12 (2.2)4 (1.6)

    Race or ethnicityd

    		American Indian or Alaska Native11 (1.3)3 (0.3)0.5 (1).47

    		Asian or Asian American37 (4.3)23 (2.7)2.0 (1).16

    		Black or African American75 (8.7)43 (5)2.5 (1).11

    		Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish50 (5.8)20 (2.3)0.1 (1).76

    		Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander5 (0.8)4 (0.5)0.9 (1).35

    		White408 (47.4)165 (19.2)1.6 (1).21

    		Another race or ethnicity6 (0.7)6 (0.7)2.3 (1).13
    Education73.4 (5)<.001

    		High school or General Educational Development6 (1.1)2 (0.8)


    		Some college or Associate’s Degree35 (6.3)57 (23.9)


    		Bachelor’s Degree47 (8.5)34 (14.4)


    		Some graduate school11 (2)13 (5.5)


    		Master’s degree245 (44.4)79 (33.1)


    		Doctorate, medical degree, or equivalent208 (37.7)53 (22.3)

    Disabilities reportede1.8 (2).40

    		None483 (86.3)205 (83.7)


    		165 (11.6)31 (12.7)


    		≥2 (2-5)12 (2.1)9 (3.7)

    aMHSL: mental health service line.

    b862 of the 1110 participants (77.7%) enrolled in the project responded to the pretraining survey.

    cAOSL: all other service lines.

    dParticipants could endorse multiple races or ethnicities. Therefore, race and ethnicity were analyzed separately.

    eSelf-reported disabilities included hearing impairment (33/805, 4.1%), visual impairment (31/805, 3.9%), mobility impairment (17/805, 2.1%), learning disability (12/805, 1.5%), and any other disability or impairment (58/805, 7.2%). Overall, 59/805 (7.3%) stated that they preferred not to report their disability status.

    Table 3. Participants’ disciplines (N=1107).
    DisciplinesValues, n (%)
    Social Workers256 (23.1)
    Nurses240 (21.7)
    Psychologists232 (21.0)
    Peer Support Specialists61 (5.5)
    Chaplains41 (3.7)
    Medical Support Assistants40 (3.6)
    Psychiatrists39 (3.5)
    Medical Doctors33 (3)
    Audiologists31 (2.8)
    Other disciplinesa134 (12.1)

    aOther disciplines (reported as n out of 1107): Vocational Rehabilitation Specialist (19/1107, 1.72%), Pharmacists (15/1107, 1.36%), Licensed MH Counselor (12/1107, 1.08%), Psychology Technicians (9/1107, 0.81%), Physician Assistants (8/1107, 0.72%), Administrative Personnel (7/1107, 0.63%), Recreational Therapist (7/1107, 0.63%), Program Support Specialists (6/1107, 0.54%), Communication Specialists (5/1147, 0.45%), Dietitians (5/1107, 0.45%), Occupational Therapists (5/1107, 0.45%), Patient Advocates (5/1107, 0.45%), Coaches (4/1107, 0.4%), Medical Technicians (4/1107, 0.4%), Physical Therapists (4/1107, 0.36%), Addiction Therapists (3/1107, 0.27%), Librarians (3/1107, 0.27%), Volunteers (3/1107, 0.27%), Music Therapists (2/1107, 0.18%), Program Coordinators (2/1107, 0.18%), Learning Resource/Education Staff (2/1107, 0.18%), Dental Assistant (1/1107, 0.09%), Outreach Specialist (1/1107, 0.09%), Police Officer (1/1107, 0.09%), and Research Assistant (1/1107, 0.09%).

    Technology-Related Participant Characteristics

    Table 4 summarizes the participants’ ownership, attitudes, and skills using VA MH apps broken down by staff type at baseline. Both groups reported a high degree of personal smartphone ownership (828/862, 96.06%). The vast majority (753/830, 90.72%) were either very comfortable or quite comfortable using apps, with most spending at least 1 hour per day using them (719/844, 85.19%). Most participants reported being confident in their skills to show veterans how to download apps (655/841, 77.88%) and showing veterans how to use VA MH apps (593/839, 70.68%) at baseline.

    The 2 staff types differed in 3 ways related to technology. First, MHSL staff (204/602, 33.89%) were more likely than AOSL staff (51/260 19.62%) to have government-issued smartphones, χ21=17.75, P<.001. Second, MHSL staff had higher mean percentage correct scores on the knowledge check at pretraining (mean 82.1% correct, SD 16%) compared with the AOSL staff, who averaged 76.5% correct (SD 15.22%), t829=−4.74, P<.001, Cohen d=−0.36. Finally, MHSL staff (550/574, 95.82%) were more likely to report that they definitely or probably could think of at least one veteran who they planned to use apps with compared with AOSL staff (215/252, 85.32%), χ22=29.55, P<.001.

    Table 4. Participants’ technological skills and intentions for Veterans Affairs mental health (VA MH) apps use at baseline (N=862).

    		MHSLa staff (n=602b), n (%)AOSLc staff (n=260b), n (%)Statistical results



    		χ2 (df)P value
    Owns a personal smartphone0.7 (1).39

    		Yes576 (95.7)252 (96.9)


    		No26 (4.3)8 (3.1)

    Has a government-issued smartphone17.8 (1)<.001

    		Yes204 (33.9)51 (19.6)


    		No398 (66.1)209 (80.4)

    Comfort using mobile devices2.9 (2).24

    		Not at all or A little comfortable45 (8.1)30 (11.9)


    		Quite comfortable204 (35.4)87 (34.4)


    		Very comfortable326 (56.5)136 (53.8)

    Hour per day spent using apps6.0 (4).20

    		I do not use apps13 (2.2)4 (1.6)


    		<1 hour per day76 (12.9)32 (12.5)


    		1-2 hour per day238 (40.5)84 (32.8)


    		3-4 hour per day168 (28.6)88 (34.4)


    		>4 hour per day93 (15.8)48 (18.7)

    Skills to demonstrate how to download apps0.8 (4).93

    		Strongly agree204 (34.9)83 (32.3)


    		Agree251 (43)117 (45.5)


    		Neither Agree nor Disagree71 (12.2)30 (11.7)


    		Disagree49 (8.4)22 (8.6)


    		Strongly disagree9 (1.5)5 (1.9)

    Skills to demonstrate how to use apps1.5 (4).83

    		Strongly agree162 (27.8)69 (27)


    		Agree245 (42.1)117 (45.7)


    		Neither Agree or Disagree95 (16.3)36 (14.1)


    		Disagree72 (12.3)29 (11.3)


    		Strongly disagree9 (1.5)5 (2)

    Recommend VA MH apps to veterans (BId item 1)11.1 (2).004

    		Definitely will356 (61.7)143 (56.3)


    		Probably will211 (36.6)96 (37.8)


    		Probably will not or Definitely will not10 (1.7)15 (5.9)

    Think of at least 1 Veteran I plan to use apps with (BI item 2)29.6 (2)<.001

    		Definitely will335 (58.4)121 (48)


    		Probably will215 (37.5)94 (37.3)


    		Probably will not or Definitely will not24 (4.2)37 (14.7)

    Encourage other VA staff to use apps (BIitem 3)1.1 (2).58

    		Definitely will307 (53.1)142 (55.9)


    		Probably will237 (41)101 (39.8)


    		Probably will not or Definitely will not34 (5.9)11 (4.3)

    aMHSL: mental health service line.

    bOf the 1110 participants enrolled in the project, 862 (77.66%) responded to the pretraining survey.

    cAOSL: all other service lines.

    dBI: behavioral intentions.

    Training Program Reach

    The program exceeded the goals set for participant recruitment. Across the 19 sites, 1110 staff attended the training program with an average of 58.4 participants per site (SD 36.49, median [IQR] 51). This was 247% of the minimum goal of 25 participants from 18 locations. All sites met the goal of recruiting both MHSL and AOSL staff members to participate in the program.

    Training Satisfaction

    Table 5 summarizes the data from the posttraining survey, which included measures of training satisfaction. There were no significant differences based on staff type for training satisfaction, χ23=7.93, P=.047 or for willingness to recommend training to others, χ23=7.71, P=.052. The vast majority (961/1024, 93.85%) of participants were satisfied with the training and 92.44% (941/1018) would recommend the training to others.

    Table 5. Participants' training satisfaction, basic technology skills, and intentions for Veterans Affairs mental health (VA MH) apps use from the posttraining survey (N=1023).

    		MHSLa staff (n=686b), n (%)AOSLc staff (n=337b) , n (%)Statistical results



    		χ2 (df)P value
    Satisfaction with training7.9 (3).047

    		Strongly agree393 (57.3)203 (60.1)


    		Agree241 (35.1)124 (36.7)


    		Neither agree nor disagree35 (5.1)9 (2.7)


    		Disagree or strongly disagree17 (2.5)2 (0.6)

    Would recommend training7.7 (3).052

    		Strongly agree421 (61.5)206 (61.7)


    		Agree201 (29.4)113 (33.8)


    		Neither agree nor disagree43 (6.3)11 (3.3)


    		Disagree or strongly disagree19 (2.8)4 (1.2)

    Skills to demonstrate how to download apps3.0 (4).55

    		Strongly agree384 (56.2)182 (54.3)


    		Agree278 (40.7)136 (40.6)


    		Neither agree or disagree13 (1.9)12 (3.6)


    		Disagree4 (0.6)3 (0.9)


    		Strongly disagree4 (0.6)2 (0.6)

    Skills to demonstrate how to use apps1.7 (4).80

    		Strongly agree344 (50.1)160 (47.5)


    		A314 (45.8)161 (47.8)


    		Neither agree or disagree19 (2.8)10 (3)


    		D4 (0.6)4 (1.2)


    		Strongly disagree5 (0.7)2 (0.6)

    Recommend apps to veterans (BId item 1)11.8 (2).003

    		Definitely will577 (84.5)255 (75.9)


    		Probably will96 (14.1)76 (22.6)


    		Probably will not or Definitely will not10 (1.5)5 (1.5)

    Think of at least 1 Veteran I plan to use VA MH apps with (BI item 2)29.3 (2)<.001

    		Definitely will556 (81.3)225 (67)


    		Probably will116 (17)92 (27.4)


    		Probably will not or Definitely will not12 (1.7)19 (5.6)

    Encourage other VA staff to use VA MH apps (BI item 3)1.7 (2).43

    		Definitely will486 (71.3)235 (70.4)


    		Probably will178 (26.1)94 (28.1)


    		Probably will not or Definitely will not18 (2.6)5 (1.5)

    aMHSL: mental health service line.

    bOf the 1110 participants enrolled in the project, 1023 (92.2%) responded to the posttraining survey.

    cAOSL: all other service lines.

    dBI: behavioral intentions.

    Training Effectiveness

    Knowledge Check

    For knowledge check scores, a generalized linear model was used to evaluate the between-group effect for staff type (MHSL vs AOSL staff) and the repeated measures effect of time (pre- and posttraining) as well as their interaction. Controlling for family-wise error, the interaction was not statistically significant, F1,758=7.89, P=.005, partial η2=0.010. The main effect for staff type was statistically significant, F1,773=25.77, P<.001, partial η2=0.033 (small effect). Collapsing across pre- and posttraining time points, MHSL staff had significantly higher mean scores (mean 87.2% correct, SD 12.56%) compared with AOSL staff (mean 83.1% correct, SD 7.64%). The main effect for time was statistically significant. When collapsing across staff types, the mean knowledge check scores significantly increased from pretraining (mean 80.8%, SD 15.77%) to posttraining (mean 91.1% correct, SD 9.57%), F1,758=318.79, P<.001, η2=0.296 (large effect).

    Basic Skills

    Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were conducted to assess the pre- to posttraining changes on the 2 items that asked participants to rate their confidence in their ability to demonstrate how to download and use apps with veterans. There were statistically significant increases in participants’ confidence ratings for both how to download apps, z=−13.86, P<.001 and for how to use apps, z=−15.13, P<.001. For both items, the strongly disagree and disagree response categories were collapsed because there were only a few responses in each category. The percentage of staff who agreed or strongly agreed to having the knowledge and skills to show veterans how to download apps (655/841, 77.33%) and how to use apps (593/839, 70.68%) at baseline increased to 96.27% (980/1018) for downloading apps and 95.70% (979/1023) for using apps following training. There were no significant differences on either item based on staff type (download apps: χ24=3.04, P=.55; use apps: χ24=1.67, P=.80).

    Behavioral Intentions

    Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare pre- and posttraining changes for the three items measuring participants’ behavioral intentions to use mobile apps with veterans. Statistically significant increases at posttraining compared with pretraining for intentions to use VA MH apps with veterans were found for all 3 items (see the Methods section > Training Effectiveness > Behavioral Intentions section of this report), item 1, z=−11.77, P<.001; item 2, z=−11.85, P<.001; and item 3, z=−9.94, P<.001. Similar to the findings on the pretraining survey for the second Behavioral Intentions item, there were statistically significant differences at posttraining between MHSL and AOSL staff on the ability to identify at least one veteran with whom they plan to use apps, χ22=29.32, P<.001 (Table 5). Specifically, compared with AOSL staff (225/336, 66.96%), MHSL staff (556/684, 81.29%) were significantly more likely to report that they definitely could think of at least one veteran with whom they plan to use apps following training. However, looking more broadly at this item after training, nearly all staff (989/1020, 96.96%) reported that they could definitely or probably identify a veteran with whom they planned to use apps.


    Principal Findings

    A training program was implemented to facilitate VA staff’s use of VA MH apps with veterans seen in mental health and non–mental health settings. The number of participants (N=1110) exceeded the project’s recruitment target of 25 per site, suggesting a higher-than-anticipated staff interest in this training. Participants represented 34 disciplines, and 33% (366/1109) of participants worked in settings other than mental health, reflecting the relevance of VA MH apps in diverse settings across the health care system. Given that most VA patients do not use mental health services, with only 22% of those diagnosed with a mental illness receiving psychotherapy and over half dropping out by the second session [31], the level of participation by staff outside mental health settings is promising for veterans who might otherwise not be reached. Furthermore, the training was well received: over 90% of staff members reported being satisfied with the training and said that they would recommend it to others.

    In addition to the successful recruitment and engagement of participants, measures of the effectiveness of training indicated significant increases in (1) key knowledge about VA MH apps, (2) confidence in the ability to use VA MH apps with veterans, and (3) behavioral intentions to use VA MH apps with veterans. AOSL and MHSL staff knowledge was high at pretraining, particularly for MHSL staff, but increased significantly from pre- to posttraining for both groups. In terms of skills, about 96% of participants reported being comfortable showing veterans how to both download (980/1018, 96.27%) and use (979/1023, 95.70%) VA MH apps after the training. Finally, although behavioral intentions to use VA MH apps with veterans at pretraining were high, they also increased following training. Nearly all participants endorsed intentions to recommend apps to veterans and could think of at least one specific veteran to whom they could recommend an app.

    To summarize, both AOSL and MHSL staff made significant gains in their knowledge and intention to use VA MH apps. Both before and directly after the training, AOSL staff had less knowledge of VA MH apps and were less likely than their MHSL counterparts to be able to think of a Veteran to whom they could introduce a VA MH app. However, the differences between staff types were small, and both groups indicated an increased likelihood of using MH apps with veterans after training.

    Limitations

    This quality improvement project relied on voluntary participation of VA employees at facilities that attained leadership support for the implementation of VA MH apps. The extent to which the positive outcomes were observed could be attributed to this being a voluntary sample of early adopters. Furthermore, because we focused on VA Medical Centers, it is unclear how these findings might generalize to other health care settings. Research is needed to understand the potential impacts of introducing VA MH apps outside mental health contexts. For example, future studies could further explore whether VA MH apps help individuals self-refer to mental health services.

    Next, there were concerns about ceiling effects at baseline for some key metrics (staff members’ knowledge and confidence in their skills to use VA apps). However, significantly more staff members met the goal criteria after the training. In addition, we did not deliver the same exact training across sites, as we modified our training based on feedback from each site. We also adapted to unanticipated circumstances by switching from an in-person to a live, web-based training model owing to COVID-19 restrictions. The effects of these two factors on outcomes are unclear, but they are consistent with quality improvement work.

    Finally, the self-reported survey data presented in this paper were collected before and immediately after the training and did not directly address how attitudes and beliefs were translated into action. Participants reported intentions to act, which, according to the Theory of Planned Behavior [28], can inform actual behavior. This limitation will also be addressed in a subsequent manuscript that will discuss posttraining implementation efforts and, specifically, participants’ adoption of VA MH apps.

    Comparison With Prior Work

    To our knowledge, this is the first VA MH app training program to demonstrate that lay health care staff are willing and able to be trained to introduce patient-facing mental health apps in a variety of VA settings. Armstrong et al [17] trained DoD and VA behavioral health providers on a similar suite of mental health applications. Although the authors used different measures of satisfaction, skill acquisition, and behavioral intentions, they similarly showed that participants rated the program well, had skill improvements, and intended to adopt practices following training. The results were promising: most of the 760 clinicians trained over 3 years demonstrated knowledge gains and reported immediately following the training that they believed the training was helpful and intended to apply what they learned in their clinical work. The current project adds to the extant literature by including nonmental health staff and training more staff in a shorter timeframe (1 year vs 3 years) while also increasing staff’s knowledge and behavioral intentions. Importantly, this project coincided with a global pandemic and a concurrent increase in telehealth [32], which may have generated increased interest in digital health technology, such as mental health apps, that can be used remotely.

    Conclusions

    The VA MH apps training far exceeded the initial goals for staff recruitment and training in all three metrics: program reach, participant satisfaction, and training effectiveness. Over 33% (366/1109) of the participants came from AOSLs, which suggests the utility of VA MH apps across the health care system. Veterans’ access to mental health resources is not limited to traditional referrals to mental health providers. The pathway to getting the needed help may be self-guided or initiated by a peer, chaplain, or other VA employee. By training an occupationally diverse cadre of VA staff to be capable and willing to share mental health resources with veterans, we can potentially reach a wide range of veterans who can benefit from these tools.

    Acknowledgments

    This study was supported by the United States Department of Defense and the Veterans Affairs Joint Incentive Fund # 19190. The REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) platform is developed and operated by Stanford Medicine Research IT team. The REDCap platform services at Stanford are subsidized by (1) Stanford School of Medicine Research Office and (2) the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through grant UL1 TR001085⤉. The authors would like to acknowledge former project staff Sharon Huang, Adrienne Heinz, and Tara Zaugg; Defense Health Agency Connected Health Branch collaborators Christina Armstrong and Julie Kinn; and the VA National Center for PTSD Mobile Apps team, which is responsible for the design and development of the Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health (MH) apps discussed in this paper.

    All the authors were affiliated with the National Center for PTSD, Training, and Dissemination Division at the time of the project. PMV is currently affiliated with the VA Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, KJ is currently affiliated with the National Training Division Education Service at the Veterans Benefits Administration, TJA is currently affiliated with the VA Peninsula Vet Center, and LG is currently affiliated with the VA Pacific Islands Health Care System.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    1. Gould CE, Kok BC, Ma VK, Zapata AM, Owen JE, Kuhn E. Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense mental health apps: a systematic literature review. Psychol Serv 2019 May;16(2):196-207. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Owen JE, Kuhn E, Jaworski BK, McGee-Vincent P, Juhasz K, Hoffman JE, et al. VA mobile apps for PTSD and related problems: public health resources for veterans and those who care for them. Mhealth 2018 Jul;4:28 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. McGee-Vincent P, Mackintosh M, Jaworski B, Blasko K. Self-care during the COVID-19 pandemic: deploying mobile mental health resources to support service members, veterans, and the public. In: Proceedings of the TMS Proceedings 2021. 2021 Presented at: TMS Proceedings 2021; Nov 3-5, 2021; Virtual. [CrossRef]
    4. Reger GM, Browne KC, Campellone TR, Simons C, Kuhn E, Fortney JC, et al. Barriers and facilitators to mobile application use during PTSD treatment: clinician adoption of PE coach. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2017 Dec;48(6):510-517. [CrossRef]
    5. Torous J, Roberts LW. Needed innovation in digital health and smartphone applications for mental health: transparency and trust. JAMA Psychiatry 2017 May 01;74(5):437-438. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Weisel KK, Fuhrmann LM, Berking M, Baumeister H, Cuijpers P, Ebert DD. Standalone smartphone apps for mental health-a systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Digit Med 2019 Dec 2;2(1):118 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. Federal Communications Commission.   URL: https://www.fcc.gov/general/section- 508-rehabilitation-act [accessed 2022-12-15]
    8. Kuhn E, Greene C, Hoffman J, Nguyen T, Wald L, Schmidt J, et al. Preliminary evaluation of PTSD Coach, a smartphone app for post-traumatic stress symptoms. Mil Med 2014 Jan;179(1):12-18. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Koffel E, Kuhn E, Petsoulis N, Erbes CR, Anders S, Hoffman JE, et al. A randomized controlled pilot study of CBT-I Coach: feasibility, acceptability, and potential impact of a mobile phone application for patients in cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Health Informatics J 2018 Mar;24(1):3-13 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Babson KA, Ramo DE, Baldini L, Vandrey R, Bonn-Miller MO. Mobile app-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: feasibility and initial efficacy among veterans with cannabis use disorders. JMIR Res Protoc 2015 Jul 17;4(3):e87 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Miner A, Kuhn E, Hoffman JE, Owen JE, Ruzek JI, Taylor CB. Feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the PTSD Coach app: a pilot randomized controlled trial with community trauma survivors. Psychol Trauma 2016 May;8(3):384-392. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. McGee-Vincent P, Juhasz K, Jamison AL, Avery TJ, Owen JE, Jaworski BK, et al. Mobile mental health apps from the National Center for PTSD: digital self-management tools for co-occurring disorders. J Dual Diagn 2021 Jun 21;17(3):181-192. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. Hallenbeck HW, Jaworski BK, Wielgosz J, Kuhn E, Ramsey KM, Taylor K, et al. PTSD Coach version 3.1: a closer look at the reach, use, and potential impact of this updated mobile health app in the general public. JMIR Ment Health 2022 Mar 29;9(3):e34744 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Owen JE, Jaworski BK, Kuhn E, Makin-Byrd KN, Ramsey KM, Hoffman JE. mHealth in the wild: using novel data to examine the reach, use, and impact of PTSD Coach. JMIR Ment Health 2015;2(1):e7 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Possemato K, Kuhn E, Johnson E, Hoffman JE, Owen JE, Kanuri N, et al. Using PTSD Coach in primary care with and without clinician support: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2016 Jan;38:94-98. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    16. Reger GM, Harned M, Stevens ES, Porter S, Nguyen J, Norr AM. Mobile applications may be the future of veteran mental health support but do veterans know yet? A survey of app knowledge and use. Psychol Serv 2022 Aug 03;19(3):480-487. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Armstrong CM, Ciulla RP, Edwards-Stewart A, Hoyt T, Bush N. Best practices of mobile health in clinical care: the development and evaluation of a competency-based provider training program. Professional Psychol Res Pract 2018 Oct;49(5-6):355-363. [CrossRef]
    18. Gupta N, Bhalla IP, Rosenheck RA. Treatment of veterans with psychiatric diagnoses nationally in the Veterans Health Administration: a comparison of service delivery by mental health specialists and other providers. Adm Policy Ment Health 2019 May 31;46(3):380-390. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Powell BJ, Waltz TJ, Chinman MJ, Damschroder LJ, Smith JL, Matthieu MM, et al. A refined compilation of implementation strategies: results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project. Implement Sci 2015 Feb 12;10:21 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    20. Ritchie MJ, Parker LE, Kirchner JE. From novice to expert: a qualitative study of implementation facilitation skills. Implement Sci Commun 2020;1:25 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. Brown KG, Gerhardt MW. Formative evaluation: an integrative practice model and case study. Personnel Psychol 2002 Dec;55(4):951-983. [CrossRef]
    22. Park MW. Promoting societal change: integrating traumatic stress research, practice and policy for vulnerable populations. In: Proceedings of the ISTSS 34th Annual Meeting. 2018 Presented at: ISTSS 34th Annual Meeting; Nov 8 -10, 2018; Washington, DC, USA   URL: https://istss.org/ISTSS_Main/media/Documents/ISTSS-18-FP_FNL1.pdf
    23. McGee-Vincent P, Juhasz K. Integrating National Center for PTSD mobile apps into veteran mental health care. National Center for PTSD Continuing Education. 2020 May 14.   URL: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/continuing_ed/integra ting_mobileapps_tx.asp [accessed 2022-07-25]
    24. Kuhn E, McGee-Vincent P. Using mobile apps in mental health practice. In: Technology and Mental Health: A Clinician's Guide to Improving Outcomes. Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK: Routledge; 2020.
    25. Schwartz A, Wilson J, Boden S, Moore T, Bradbury T, Fletcher N. Managing resident workforce and education during the COVID-19 pandemic: evolving strategies and lessons learned. JB JS Open Access 2020;5(2):e0045 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    26. Ritchie M, Dollar K, Miller C, Smith J, Oliver K, Kim B, et al. Using implementation facilitation to improve healthcare (version 3). Veterans Health Administration, Behavioral Health Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI). 2020.   URL: https://www.queri.research.va.gov/tools/Facilitation-Manual.pdf [accessed 2020-11-02]
    27. Kim J, Park H. Development of a health information technology acceptance model using consumers' health behavior intention. J Med Internet Res 2012 Oct 01;14(5):e133 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    28. Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In: Action Control. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1985.
    29. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Academic Press; 1969.
    30. Vickerstaff V, Omar RZ, Ambler G. Methods to adjust for multiple comparisons in the analysis and sample size calculation of randomised controlled trials with multiple primary outcomes. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019 Jun 21;19(1):129 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    31. Cully JA, Tolpin L, Henderson L, Jimenez D, Kunik ME, Petersen LA. Psychotherapy in the Veterans Health Administration: missed opportunities? Psychol Serv 2008 Nov;5(4):320-331 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    32. Connolly SL, Kuhn E, Possemato K, Torous J. Digital clinics and mobile technology implementation for mental health care. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021 May 07;23(7):38 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]

    ‎
    AIMS: Anger & Irritability Management Skills
    AOSL: all other service lines
    DoD: Department of Defense
    FE: formative evaluation
    MHSL: mental health service line
    REDCap: Research Electronic Data Capture
    VA MH apps: Veterans Affairs mental health apps
    VA: Department of Veterans Affairs

    Edited by J Torous; submitted 08.08.22; peer-reviewed by S Connolly, J Torous; comments to author 09.10.22; revised version received 19.10.22; accepted 20.10.22; published 12.01.23

    Copyright

    ©Pearl McGee-Vincent, Margaret-Anne Mackintosh, Andrea L Jamison, Katherine Juhasz, Colleen Becket-Davenport, Jeane Bosch, Timothy J Avery, Lauren Glamb, Shilpa Hampole. Originally published in JMIR Mental Health (https://mental.jmir.org), 12.01.2023.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Mental Health, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://mental.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.