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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Innovations in Mental Health Systems (521) Policy and Policy Proposals (162) Ethics, Privacy, and Legal Issues (687) Artificial Intelligence (2473) Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in AI (138) AI Governance and Policy (35) AI-Powered Therapy Bots and Virtual Companions in Digital Mental Health (36)

Published on in Vol 12 (2025)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/80739, first published .
Teenager with hand on forehead looking at smartphone, experiencing digital stress

Governing AI in Mental Health: 50-State Legislative Review

Governing AI in Mental Health: 50-State Legislative Review

Authors of this article:

J Nicholas Shumate1 Author Orcid Image ;   Eden Rozenblit1 Author Orcid Image ;   Matthew Flathers1 Author Orcid Image ;   Carlos A Larrauri2 Author Orcid Image ;   Christine Hau1 Author Orcid Image ;   Winna Xia1 Author Orcid Image ;   E Nicholas Torous1 Author Orcid Image ;   John Torous1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (13) Tweetations (7) Metrics

Journals

  1. Ali M, Ali S, Abbas Q, Abbas Z, Lee S. Artificial intelligence for mental health: A narrative review of applications, challenges, and future directions in digital health. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
  2. Szoke D, Pridgen S, Held P. Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Services Under Illinois Public Act 104‐0054: Legal Boundaries and a Framework for Establishing Safe, Effective AI Tools. JMIR Mental Health 2025;12:e84854 View
  3. Torous J, Cipriani A. A Paradigm Shift in Progress: Generative AI’s Evolving Role in Mental Health Care. JMIR Mental Health 2025;12:e82369 View
  4. Oshins K, Rothstein D. A Legal Time Bomb: Toward Enforceable Accountability for AI Psychotherapy. The American Journal of Bioethics 2026;26(2):78 View
  5. Abu Ghanem H, Greenbaum D. Against What Standard? Why AI Therapists Face Impossible Expectations. The American Journal of Bioethics 2026;26(2):71 View
  6. Erdemir N, Sumbas E. Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Psychological Counseling: A Narrative Review and Governance Framework. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2026;63 View
  7. Connolly S, Torous J. Understanding the Rapid Rise of General Purpose AI Chatbots as a Source of Mental Health Support: Insights Informed by Diffusion of Innovations Theory. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 2026 View
  8. Marcel Pilarek , Wiktoria Laskowska , Klaudia Kwolek , Hubert Bigajski , Aleksandra Banaś , Hubert Dacyl , Szymon Janczarski , Maciej Michalik , Dominika Sarna , Piotr Widera . DIGITAL MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS: EFFECTIVENESS, ACCESSIBILITY, AND SOCIETAL IMPACT - A NARRATIVE REVIEW. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science 2026;3(1(49)) View
  9. Sharpe B, Rod M, Horne G. Artificial Intelligence in Applied Cognitive Psychology: A Commentary. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) 2026;14(1):115 View
  10. Shankar R, Lim A, Xu Q. Barriers and Facilitators to the Use of Large Language Model-Based Conversational Agents in Mental Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Healthcare 2026;14(10):1267 View
  11. Lee H, Handler R, Mungle T, Hernandez-Boussard T. Building safer artificial intelligence mental health chatbots: a framework for transparency, evaluation, and shared accountability. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2026 View
  12. Olisaeloka L, Richardson C, Wang A, Munthali R, Vigo D. Safety Mechanisms and Risk Mitigation in Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots: A Systematic Scoping Review. Healthcare 2026;14(10):1395 View
  13. Refoua E, Gigi K, Levkovich I, Hadar Shoval D, Elyoseph Z, Tsafrir I, Pen O, Angert T, Haber Y. Generative AI as a de facto mental health provider: a policy brief and urgent call for regulation. Frontiers in Digital Health 2026;8 View