Published on in Vol 12 (2025)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/75266, first published .

Israel Júnior Borges do Nascimento   1, 2, 3 * ;   Hebatullah Mohamed Abdulazeem   1, 4 * ;   Ishanka Weerasekara   5, 6 ;   Amin Sharifan   7 ;   Victor Grandi Bianco   8 ;   Indunil Kularathne   9, 10 ;   Ciara Cunningham   2 ;   Brijesh Sathian   11 ;   Genevieve Deeken   2 ;   Lasse Østengaard   12 ;   Rachel Frederique-Djurdjevic   1 ;   Joost van Hoof   13, 14 ;   Ledia Lazeri   1 ;   Cassie Redlich   1 ;   Hannah R Marston   14, 15 ;   Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães   16 ;   Jerome de Barros   17 ;   Ryan Alistar dos Santos   1 ;   Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat   1 ;   Yongjie Yon   1 * ;   David Novillo-Ortiz   1 , MLiS, MSc, PhD

1 Division of Country Health Policies and Systems, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

2 Center for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS-U1153), Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INRAE, Inserm, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 1, Paris, France

3 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

4 Chair of Epidemiology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

5 Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Churchill, Australia

6 School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle Australia, Callaghan, Australia

7 Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria

8 Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Atenção ao Uso de Drogas (NEPAD), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

9 Sports Medicine Unit, National Hospital of Kandy, Kandy, Sri Lanka

10 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

11 Geriatrics and Long-Term Care Department, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

12 Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO) and Cochrane Denmark, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

13 Faculty of Spatial Management and Landscape Architecture, Department of Systems Research, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland

14 Research Group of Urban Ageing, Faculty of Social Work and Education, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Den Haag, The Netherlands

15 School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom

16 Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil

17 Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

*these authors contributed equally

Corresponding Author:

  • David Novillo-Ortiz, MLiS, MSc, PhD
  • Division of Country Health Policies and Systems
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
  • Marmorvej 51
  • Copenhagen 2100
  • Denmark
  • Phone: 45 45337198
  • Email: dnovillo@who.int