Digital Mental Health for Schizophrenia and Other Severe Mental Illnesses: An International Consensus on Current Challenges and Potential Solutions

Katharine A Smith   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD, PhD ;   Amy Hardy   ^{4, 5} , DClinPsy, PhD ;   Anastasia Vinnikova   ⁶ , MSc ;   Charlotte Blease   ^{7, 8} , PhD ;   Lea Milligan   ^{6 †} ;   Diego Hidalgo-Mazzei   ^{9, 10, 11, 12} , MD, PhD ;   Sinéad Lambe   ^{2, 13} , DClinPsy ;   Lisa Marzano   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Peter J Uhlhaas   ^{15, 16} , PhD ;   Edoardo G Ostinelli   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD ;   Gerard Anmella   ^{9, 10, 11, 12} , MD, PhD ;   Caroline Zangani   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD ;   Rosario Aronica   ^{17, 18} , MD ;   Bridget Dwyer   ⁸ , BS ;   John Torous   ^{8 *} , MBI, MD ;   Andrea Cipriani   ^{1, 2, 3 *} , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

² Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom

³ Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom

⁴ Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

⁵ South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

⁶ MQ Mental Health Research, London, United Kingdom

⁷ Participatory eHealth and Health Data Research Group, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

⁸ Division of Digital Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

¹⁰ Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Digital Innovation Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain

¹¹ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

¹² Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

¹³ Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

¹⁴ School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom

¹⁵ Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

¹⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

¹⁷ Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Ca’ Granda, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy

¹⁸ Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

*these authors contributed equally

†deceased