Effectiveness of Digital Mental Health Tools to Reduce Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Jiyeong Kim   ¹ , BPharm, MPH ;   Lois M D Aryee   ² , MPH ;   Heejung Bang   ³ , MSc, PhD ;   Steffi Prajogo   ⁴ , BSc ;   Yong K Choi   ⁵ , MPH, PhD ;   Jeffrey S Hoch   ⁶ , MA, PhD ;   Elizabeth L Prado   ⁷ , MSc, PhD

¹ Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States

² Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

³ Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States

⁴ Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁵ Department of Health Information Management, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States

⁶ Division of Health Policy and Management, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States

⁷ Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States