Published on in Vol 8, No 9 (2021): September

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/29681, first published .
Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review

Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review

Virtual Reality for Supporting the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: Scoping Review

Journals

  1. Xu W, Wang Y, Huang W, Duan Y. An Efficient Nonlinear Mass-Spring Model for Anatomical Virtual Reality. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2022;71:1 View
  2. Linares-Chamorro M, Domènech-Oller N, Jerez-Roig J, Piqué-Buisan J. Immersive Therapy for Improving Anxiety in Health Professionals of a Regional Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(16):9793 View
  3. Steubl L, Baumeister H. Digitale Interventionen bei Angststörungen. PiD - Psychotherapie im Dialog 2022;23(03):75 View
  4. Xu W, Liang H, Baghaei N, Ma X, Yu K, Meng X, Wen S. Effects of an Immersive Virtual Reality Exergame on University Students’ Anxiety, Depression, and Perceived Stress: Pilot Feasibility and Usability Study. JMIR Serious Games 2021;9(4):e29330 View
  5. Krittanawong C, Isath A, Katz C, Kaplin S, Wang Z, Ma M, Storch E, Torous J, Ellis S, Lavie C. Public perception of metaverse and mental health on Twitter: A sentiment analysis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2023;76:99 View
  6. Chitale V, Baghaei N, Playne D, Liang H, Zhao Y, Erensoy A, Ahmad Y. The Use of Videogames and Virtual Reality for the Assessment of Anxiety and Depression: A Scoping Review. Games for Health Journal 2022;11(6):341 View
  7. Xu W, Liang H, Yu K, Wen S, Baghaei N, Tu H. Acceptance of Virtual Reality Exergames Among Chinese Older Adults. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2023;39(5):1134 View
  8. Cerasa A, Gaggioli A, Marino F, Riva G, Pioggia G. The promise of the metaverse in mental health: the new era of MEDverse. Heliyon 2022;8(11):e11762 View
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  10. Baghaei N, Liang H, Billinghurst M, Naslund J, Oyekoya O. Editorial: Virtual Reality and Mental Health: Opportunities to Advance Research and Practice. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2022;3 View
  11. Tan J, Kannis-Dymand L, Jones C. Examining the potential of VR program Tilt Brush in reducing anxiety. Virtual Reality 2023;27(4):3379 View
  12. Björling E, Sonney J, Rodriguez S, Carr N, Zade H, Moon S. Exploring the Effect of a Nature-based Virtual Reality Environment on Stress in Adolescents. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2022;3 View
  13. Pandrangi V, Shah S, Bruening J, Wax M, Clayburgh D, Andersen P, Li R. Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain Management and Opioid Use Among Hospitalized Patients After Head and Neck Surgery. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 2022;148(8):724 View
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  15. Bashir Z, Misquith C, Shahab A, Has P, Bukhari S. The impact of Virtual Reality on Anxiety and Functional Capacity in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Current Problems in Cardiology 2023;48(5):101628 View
  16. Hao J, Li Y, Swanson R, Chen Z, Siu K. Effects of virtual reality on physical, cognitive, and psychological outcomes in cancer rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Supportive Care in Cancer 2023;31(2) View
  17. Benrimoh D, Chheda F, Margolese H. The Best Predictor of the Future—the Metaverse, Mental Health, and Lessons Learned From Current Technologies. JMIR Mental Health 2022;9(10):e40410 View
  18. Baghaei N, Liang H, Naslund J, Porter R. Games for Mental Health. Games for Health Journal 2022;11(6):337 View
  19. Zaharuddin F, Ibrahim N, Yusof A. A Conceptual Framework for Designing Virtual Environments for Stress Therapy. Applied Sciences 2022;12(19):9973 View
  20. Restout J, Bernache-Assollant I, Morizio C, Boujut A, Angelini L, Tchalla A, Perrochon A. Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Using 360° Videos to Manage Well-Being in Older Adults: A Scoping Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2023;24(4):564 View
  21. Thomas L. The future potential of virtual reality countermeasures for maintaining behavioural health during long duration space exploration. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 2023;4 View
  22. Cieślik B, Juszko K, Kiper P, Szczepańska-Gieracha J. Immersive virtual reality as support for the mental health of elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. Virtual Reality 2023;27(3):2227 View
  23. McIntyre R, Greenleaf W, Bulaj G, Taylor S, Mitsi G, Saliu D, Czysz A, Silvesti G, Garcia M, Jain R. Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder. CNS Spectrums 2023;28(6):662 View
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  25. Forbes A, Keleher M, Venditto M, DiBiasi F. Assessing Patient Adherence to and Engagement With Digital Interventions for Depression in Clinical Trials: Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e43727 View
  26. Helou S, Khalil N, Daou M, El Helou E. Virtual reality for healthcare: A scoping review of commercially available applications for head-mounted displays. DIGITAL HEALTH 2023;9 View
  27. Vaezipour A, Aldridge D, Koenig S, Burns C, Baghaei N, Theodoros D, Russell T. Rehabilitation Supported by Immersive Virtual Reality for Adults With Communication Disorders: Semistructured Interviews and Usability Survey Study. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies 2023;10:e46959 View
  28. Szekely R, Mason O, Frohlich D, Barley E. The use of virtual reality to reduce mental health stigma among healthcare and non-healthcare students: a systematic review. Behaviour & Information Technology 2023:1 View
  29. Halim I, Stemmet L, Hach S, Porter R, Liang H, Vaezipour A, Henry J, Baghaei N. Individualized Virtual Reality for Increasing Self-Compassion: Evaluation Study. JMIR Mental Health 2023;10:e47617 View
  30. Herrera V, Vallejo D, Castro-Schez J, Monekosso D, de los Reyes A, Glez-Morcillo C, Albusac J. Rehab-Immersive: A framework to support the development of virtual reality applications in upper limb rehabilitation. SoftwareX 2023;23:101412 View
  31. Jones D, Galvez R, Evans D, Hazelton M, Rossiter R, Irwin P, Micalos P, Logan P, Rose L, Fealy S. The Integration and Application of Extended Reality (XR) Technologies within the General Practice Primary Medical Care Setting: A Systematic Review. Virtual Worlds 2023;2(4):359 View
  32. Zhang H, Wang R, Kong Z, Yu J, Hou X, Zhang S. Effect of web-implemented exercise interventions on depression and anxiety in patients with neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology 2023;14 View
  33. Weisz J, Fitzpatrick O, Venturo‐Conerly K, Sternberg A, Steinberg J, Ng M. Research Review: The internalizing paradox – youth anxiety and depression symptoms, psychotherapy outcomes, and implications for research and practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2023;64(12):1720 View
  34. Buryak Z, Moskvitina U. The use of geo-information technology analysis the impact of open spaces on the individual’s mental state. InterCarto. InterGIS 2023;29(2):59 View
  35. Porter R, Beaglehole B, Baghaei N. Virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety – progress and future challenges. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2023;23(12):1047 View
  36. Yu K, Wang L, Lv S, Ye X, Liu L, Zheng X, Jin R, Zhou D, Zhang Y, Min G, Wu S. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to study effects of virtual reality intervention for adolescents with depression in a clinical setting in China: study protocol for a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023;13(12):e074129 View
  37. Chitlange N, Yadav V. Impact of Controlled Breathing Techniques in Virtual Reality Environments on the Psychological Status of Oral Cancer Patients: A Case Report. Cureus 2023 View
  38. Sokołowska B. Being in Virtual Reality and Its Influence on Brain Health—An Overview of Benefits, Limitations and Prospects. Brain Sciences 2024;14(1):72 View
  39. Biskupiak Z, Ha V, Rohaj A, Bulaj G. Digital Therapeutics for Improving Effectiveness of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biological Products: Preclinical and Clinical Studies Supporting Development of Drug + Digital Combination Therapies for Chronic Diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024;13(2):403 View
  40. Spiegel B, Liran O, Clark A, Samaan J, Khalil C, Chernoff R, Reddy K, Mehra M. Feasibility of combining spatial computing and AI for mental health support in anxiety and depression. npj Digital Medicine 2024;7(1) View
  41. Ghazali A, Ab. Aziz N, Ab. Aziz K, Tse Kian N. The usage of virtual reality in engineering education. Cogent Education 2024;11(1) View
  42. Wong F, Leung V, Chong W, Hung J, Wong F, Leung C, Tsang A. Capacity-Building Program for Parents of Children with SEN: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Research on Social Work Practice 2024 View
  43. Reategui-Rivera C, Villarreal-Zegarra D, De La Cruz-Torralva K, Díaz-Sánchez P, Finkelstein J. Immersive Technologies for Depression Care: Scoping Review. JMIR Mental Health 2024;11:e56056 View
  44. Omisore O, Odenigbo I, Orji J, Beltran A, Meier S, Baghaei N, Orji R. Extended Reality for Mental Health Evaluation: Scoping Review. JMIR Serious Games 2024;12:e38413 View
  45. Fendrian F, Ma'mun A, Hendrayana Y, Ray H, Monterrosa-Quintero A, Setiawan E. Using virtual reality-based physical activity to change the mental health and cognitive function of karate athletes. Health, sport, rehabilitation 2024;10(1):52 View
  46. El-Kadi R, AbdelKader N, Zaki H, Kamel A. Vilazodone Alleviates Neurogenesis-Induced Anxiety in the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Female Rat Model: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Molecular Neurobiology 2024;61(11):9060 View
  47. Xue F, Wei N, Wu X. The path of ideological and political education in fulfilling the function of psychological nurturing. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;14 View
  48. Paul M, Bullock K, Bailenson J, Burns D. Examining the Efficacy of Extended Reality–Enhanced Behavioral Activation for Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mental Health 2024;11:e52326 View
  49. Terkildsen M, Bollerup S, Palmhøj C, Jensen L, Lou S. How institutional logics shape the adoption of virtual reality in mental health care: A qualitative study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2024;10 View
  50. Ko H, Lim H, Park J, Kim K, Suh H, Lee B, Lee Y, Moon E, Kim D, Park J, Shin M, Lee Y. Subjective Experience on Virtual Reality-Assisted Mental Health Promotion Program. Psychiatry Investigation 2024;21(4):380 View
  51. Chen B, Yan X, Hu X, Kao D, Liang H. Impact of Tutorial Modes with Different Time Flow Rates in Virtual Reality Games. Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 2024;7(1):1 View
  52. Nisar R, Inamullah A, Ghalib A, Nisar H, Sarkaki A, Afzal A, Tariq M, Batool Z, Haider S. Geraniol mitigates anxiety-like behaviors in rats by reducing oxidative stress, repairing impaired hippocampal neurotransmission, and normalizing brain cortical-EEG wave patterns after a single electric foot-shock exposure. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2024;176:116771 View
  53. Falci S, Lima L, de Sá Oliveira I, Becheleni M, Silva H, Galvão E, de Souza G. Does virtual reality reduce anxiety and pain in patients undergoing third molar surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2024;28(3):1095 View
  54. Zheng Y, Li Z, Ma W, Li T, Zheng J, Wang L. P‐4.34: Virtual Reality Content Generation for Anxiety and Stress Management: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Developments. SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2024;55(S1):878 View
  55. Giannelli A, Moscato S, Ostan R, Pannuti R, Chiari L, Biasco G, Varani S. Virtual Reality for advanced cancer patients assisted at home: A randomized controlled interventional study. Psycho-Oncology 2024;33(7) View
  56. Machuca-Contreras F, Lepez C, Canova-Barrios C. Influence of virtual reality and augmented reality on mental health. Gamification and Augmented Reality 2024;2:25 View
  57. Fraser A, Branson I, Hollett R, Speelman C, Rogers S. Do realistic avatars make virtual reality better? Examining human-like avatars for VR social interactions. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2024;2(2):100082 View
  58. Qiu T, Zhang G, Zhou F, Jiang H. Application of virtual reality to enhance therapeutic Tai Chi for depression in elderly people. Acta Psychologica 2024;248:104316 View
  59. Faisal H, Lim W, Dattagupta A, Lin P, Gupta R, Lai E, Xu J, Wong S, Masud F. Usability and Tolerability of Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Stimulation in Healthy Elderly Volunteers—A Feasibility Clinical Trial. Games for Health Journal 2025;14(2):136 View
  60. Liu X, Yang Y, Ye Z, Wang F, Zeng K, Sun Y, Huang Y, Dai L. The effect of digital interventions on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders 2024;365:563 View
  61. Salazar de Pablo G, Ríos Hernández O, Gómez Vallejo S, Young A, Cella M, Valmaggia L. Use of virtual reality in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine 2024;54(11):2807 View
  62. Chitale V, Henry J, Liang H, Matthews B, Baghaei N. Virtual reality analytics map (VRAM): A conceptual framework for detecting mental disorders using virtual reality data. New Ideas in Psychology 2025;76:101127 View
  63. Pavlopoulos A, Rachiotis T, Maglogiannis I. An Overview of Tools and Technologies for Anxiety and Depression Management Using AI. Applied Sciences 2024;14(19):9068 View
  64. Chakrabarti S. Metaverse for mental health disorders: Opportunities and challenges. World Journal of Clinical Cases 2025;13(4) View
  65. Yang B, Liao C, Yang Y, Shi B, Zhang C, Li C. A virtual reality-based self-guided training on identification of negative automatic thoughts in healthy adults: a mixed-methods feasibility study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024;15 View
  66. Doğan U, Üzmez H, Dağılgan E, Sarıcaoğlu H, Acar S, Özkaraca O. Development of Immersive 360° Virtual Reality Videos for Intervention with Test Anxiety. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024:1 View
  67. Sidani L, Nadar S, Tfaili J, El Rayes S, Sharara F, Elhage J, Fakhoury M. Digital Psychiatry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2024;30(6):400 View
  68. Wang S, Jiang J, Zhang C, Lv M, Xu H, Meng H, Guo L. Effect of Virtual Reality-based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Mental Health and Cardiopulmonary Function of Individuals With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2024 View
  69. Wang P, Ai X, Zhang X, Ma F, Zhuang Y, Wang S. Evaluating virtual reality technology in psychotherapy: impacts on anxiety, depression, and ADHD. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024;15 View
  70. Geng W, Zhou C, Bian Y. Change gently: an agent-based virtual interview training for college students with great shyness. Virtual Reality 2024;29(1) View
  71. Martínez Valera P, Gallegos Ruiz Cornejo A, Valencia J, Bouroncle Velásquez M, Esenarro Vargas D, Vega-Mori L, Sánchez Medina A. Poverty associated with anxiety, personality and depression disorders in adults at the "Sarita Colonia" Community Mental Health Center in Callao 2017–2022. Cogent Social Sciences 2025;11(1) View
  72. Pancini E, Di Natale A, Villani D. Breathing in virtual reality for promoting mental health: a scoping review. Virtual Reality 2025;29(1) View
  73. Martland R, Valmaggia L, Paleri V, Mulligan A, Hildebrand A, Williams G, Raz A, Steer N, Riches S. Multi-session virtual reality relaxation for mental health staff: a feasibility and acceptability study. Mental Health & Prevention 2025;37:200408 View
  74. Çınaroğlu M, Yılmazer E, Odabaşı C, Ülker S, Hızlı Sayar G. Comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Ericksonian Hypnotherapy for subclinical depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 2025:1 View
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  76. Maheta B, Kraft A, Interrante N, Fereydooni S, Bailenson J, Beams B, Keny ​, Osborne T, Giannitrapani K, Lorenz K. Using Virtual Reality to Improve Outcomes Related to Quality of Life Among Older Adults With Serious Illnesses: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2025;27:e54452 View
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Books/Policy Documents

  1. Keller O, Budney A, Struble C, Teepe G. Digital Therapeutics for Mental Health and Addiction. View
  2. Morales J, Cornide-Reyes H, Rossel P, Sáez P, Silva-Aravena F. Social Computing and Social Media. View
  3. Sun X, Liu X. Proceedings of the 2023 2nd International Conference on Educational Innovation and Multimedia Technology (EIMT 2023). View
  4. Mbatha S, Mulaudzi T, Mbita Z, Adeola H, Batra J, Blenman K, Dlamini Z. Society 5.0 and Next Generation Healthcare. View
  5. De Clara L. AI and Emotions in Digital Society. View
  6. De Clara L. Applications of Virtual and Augmented Reality for Health and Wellbeing. View
  7. Rizzo A, Hartholt A, Mozgai S. Handbook of Media Psychology. View
  8. De Clara L. Modern Technology in Healthcare and Medical Education. View
  9. Petil Jr. E, Florece M, Gomez M, Villaruel K, Fernandez H, Dela Cruz C, Ferrer-Rafols R. Global Innovations in Physical Education and Health. View
  10. Hubbard T, Villano M. Delving Deep. View
  11. Zhao Y, Baghaei N. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Societies. View
  12. Turman M, Olden M, Emrich M, Difede J. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD. View
  13. Baker L, Jones C. Mental Health Virtual Reality. View
  14. McMahon E. Mental Health Virtual Reality. View

Conference Proceedings

  1. Chitale V, Playne D, Liang H, Baghaei N. 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). Virtual Reality Data for Predicting Mental Health Conditions View
  2. Zhao Y, Baghaei N, Schnack A, Stemmet L. 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). Assessing Telepresence, Social Presence and Stress Response in a Virtual Reality Store View
  3. Baghaei N, Ahmadi A, Khaliq I, Liang H. 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). Individualised Virtual Reality for Supporting Depression: Feedback from Mental Health Professionals View
  4. Jin N, Wu Y, Park J, Qin Z, Liang H. 2023 9th International Conference on Virtual Reality (ICVR). Brain-Metaverse Interaction for Anxiety Regulation View
  5. Sanku B, Li Y, He J. 2023 9th International Conference on Virtual Reality (ICVR). A Survey of VR-Based Neurofeedback Systems in Physiological Computing for Depression Treatment View
  6. Kurucz P, Baghaei N, Serafin S, Klein E. 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). Enhancing Auditory Immersion in Interactive Virtual Reality Environments View
  7. Baghaei N, Balakrishnan P, Greig L, Porter R, Henry J. 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). Visualising Physiological Cues in Individualised Virtual Reality for Mental Health View
  8. Gangwar S, Gupta S, Jumani P, Tejaswini N. 2023 9th International Conference on Smart Computing and Communications (ICSCC). Creating Games for Treating Anxiety and Phobia Through Virtual Reality View
  9. Sameri J, Neufkens F, Damme S, De Turck F, Vega M. 2024 16th International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX). Enhancing Virtual Reality Stress Relief with Haptics: The Virtual Rage Room Use Case View
  10. Qin Z, Cao Y, Park J, Liu Q, Xu Z, Jin N, Liang H. 2024 10th International Conference on Smart Computing and Communication (ICSCC). Data-Driven Recommendation in Brain-Metaverse Interaction View
  11. Chen Y, Ye C, Jiang Z, Li J, Wang Y, Ma T, Xu N. 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). EmoVR: Guiding and Visualizing Emotions in Virtual Reality Therapy for Mental Health View
  12. Casu M, Bellissima S, Farruggio G, Farrauto C, Caponnetto P. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE). A Case Study on the Use of Hypnosis Combined with Virtual Reality in Psychological Partner Violence View
  13. Tang Y, Situ J, Cui A, Wu M, Huang Y. Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. LLM Integration in Extended Reality: A Comprehensive Review of Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Perspectives View