Cost-Effectiveness of Digital Mental Health Versus Usual Care During Humanitarian Crises in Lebanon: Pragmatic Randomized Trial

Racha Abi Hana   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   Jinane Abi Ramia   ^{1, 2} , MPH ;   Sebastian Burchert   ³ , MSc ;   Kenneth Carswell   ⁴ , DclinPsy ;   Pim Cuijpers   ^{1, 5} , PhD ;   Eva Heim   ^{6, 7} , PhD ;   Christine Knaevelsrud   ³ , PhD ;   Philip Noun   ² , MSc ;   Marit Sijbrandij   ¹ , PhD ;   Mark van Ommeren   ⁴ , PhD ;   Edith van’t Hof   ⁴ , PhD ;   Ben Wijnen   ⁸ , PhD ;   Edwina Zoghbi   ⁹ , MPH ;   Rabih El Chammay   ^{2, 10 *} , MD ;   Filip Smit   ^{1, 11, 12 *} , PhD

¹ Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

² National Mental Health Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon

³ Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

⁴ Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

⁵ International Institute for Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

⁶ Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

⁸ Centre of Economic Evaluation and Machine Learning, Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, Netherlands

⁹ Country Office for Lebanon, World Health Organization, Beirut, Lebanon

¹⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatry Department, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

¹¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands

¹² Department of Mental Health and Prevention, Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, Netherlands

*these authors contributed equally