Digital Practices by Citizens During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From an International Multisite Study

Hannah Ramsden Marston   ^{1 *} , PhD ;   Pei-Chun Ko   ^{2 *} , PhD ;   Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu   ^{3 *} , PhD ;   Shannon Freeman   ^{4 *} , PhD ;   Christopher Ross   ^{4 *} , MA ;   Iryna Sharaievska   ^{5 *} , PhD ;   Matthew HEM Browning   ^{5 *} , PhD ;   Sarah Earle   ^{1 *} , PhD ;   Loredana Ivan   ^{6 *} , PhD ;   Rubal Kanozia   ^{7 *} , PhD ;   Halime Öztürk Çalıkoğlu   ^{8 *} , PhD ;   Hasan Arslan   ^{8 *} , PhD ;   Burcu Bilir-Koca   ^{8 *} , PhD ;   Paula Alexandra Silva   ^{9 *} , PhD ;   Sandra C Buttigieg   ^{10 *} , PhD ;   Franziska Großschädl   ^{11 *} , PhD ;   Gerhilde Schüttengruber   ^{11 *} , PhD

¹ School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom

² School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

³ Systems Engineering & Engineering Management, University of North Carolina, Clemson, SC, United States

⁴ School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada

⁵ Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States

⁶ Communication Department, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania

⁷ Department of Mass Communication and Media Studies, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

⁸ Department of Educational Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey

⁹ Department of Informatics Engineering, Center for Informatics and Systems at the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

¹⁰ Department of Health Systems Management and Leadership, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

¹¹ Institute of Nursing Science and Age and Care Research Group, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria

*all authors contributed equally