TY  - JOUR
AU  - Paolillo, Emily W
AU  - Tang, Bin
AU  - Depp, Colin A
AU  - Rooney, Alexandra S
AU  - Vaida, Florin
AU  - Kaufmann, Christopher N
AU  - Mausbach, Brent T
AU  - Moore, David J
AU  - Moore, Raeanne C
PY  - 2018
DA  - 2018/05/14
TI  - Temporal Associations Between Social Activity and Mood, Fatigue, and Pain in Older Adults With HIV: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
JO  - JMIR Ment Health
SP  - e38
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
KW  - AIDS
KW  - ecological momentary assessment
KW  - social isolation
KW  - happiness
KW  - quality of life
AB  - Background: Social isolation is associated with an increased risk for mental and physical health problems, especially among older persons living with HIV (PLWH). Thus, there is a need to better understand real-time temporal associations between social activity and mood- and health-related factors in this population to inform possible future interventions. Objective: This study aims to examine real-time relationships between social activity and mood, fatigue, and pain in a sample of older PLWH. Methods: A total of 20 older PLWH, recruited from the University of California, San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program in 2016, completed smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys 5 times per day for 1 week. Participants reported their current social activity (alone vs not alone and number of social interactions) and levels of mood (sadness, happiness, and stress), fatigue, and pain. Mixed-effects regression models were used to analyze concurrent and lagged associations among social activity, mood, fatigue, and pain. Results: Participants (mean age 58.8, SD 4.3 years) reported being alone 63% of the time, on average, (SD 31.5%) during waking hours. Being alone was related to lower concurrent happiness (beta=−.300; 95% CI −.525 to −.079; P=.008). In lagged analyses, social activity predicted higher levels of fatigue later in the day (beta=−1.089; 95% CI −1.780 to −0.396; P=.002), and higher pain levels predicted being alone in the morning with a reduced likelihood of being alone as the day progressed (odds ratio 0.945, 95% CI 0.901-0.992; P=.02). Conclusions: The use of EMA elucidated a high rate of time spent alone among older PLWH. Promoting social activity despite the presence of pain or fatigue may improve happiness and psychological well-being in this population. 
SN  - 2368-7959
UR  - http://mental.jmir.org/2018/2/e38/
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.9802
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29759960
DO  - 10.2196/mental.9802
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/mental.9802
ER  -