%0 Journal Article
%@ 2368-7959
%I JMIR Publications
%V 8
%N 9
%P e25660
%T Tablet-Based Cognitive Impairment Screening for Adults With HIV Seeking Clinical Care: Observational Study
%A Rubin,Leah H
%A Severson,Joan
%A Marcotte,Thomas D
%A Savin,Micah J
%A Best,Allen
%A Johnson,Shane
%A Cosman,Joshua
%A Merickel,Michael
%A Buchholz,Alison
%A Del Bene,Victor A
%A Eldred,Lois
%A Sacktor,Ned C
%A Fuchs,Joelle-Beverlie
%A Althoff,Keri N
%A Moore,Richard D
%+ Johns Hopkins University, 600 N Wolfe St, Meyer 6-113a, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7613, United States, 1 3128024802, lrubin@jhu.edu
%K cognitive complications
%K people with HIV
%K digital assessment
%K HIV
%K tablet
%K screening
%D 2021
%7 9.9.2021
%9 Original Paper
%J JMIR Ment Health
%G English
%X Background: Neurological complications including cognitive impairment persist among people with HIV on antiretrovirals; however, cognitive screening is not routinely conducted in HIV clinics. Objective: Our objective for this study was 3-fold: (1) to determine the feasibility of implementing an iPad-based cognitive impairment screener among adults seeking HIV care, (2) to examine the psychometric properties of the tool, and (3) to examine predictors of cognitive impairment using the tool. Methods: A convenience sample of participants completed Brain Baseline Assessment of Cognition and Everyday Functioning (BRACE), which included (1) Trail Making Test Part A, measuring psychomotor speed; (2) Trail Making Test Part B, measuring set-shifting; (3) Stroop Color, measuring processing speed; and (4) the Visual–Spatial Learning Test. Global neuropsychological function was estimated as mean T score performance on the 4 outcomes. Impairment on each test or for the global mean was defined as a T score ≤40. Subgroups of participants repeated the tests 4 weeks or >6 months after completing the first test to evaluate intraperson test–retest reliability and practice effects (improvements in performance due to repeated test exposure). An additional subgroup completed a lengthier cognitive battery concurrently to assess validity. Relevant factors were abstracted from electronic medical records to examine predictors of global neuropsychological function. Results: The study population consisted of 404 people with HIV (age: mean 53.6 years; race: 332/404, 82% Black; 34/404, 8% White, 10/404, 2% American Indian/Alaskan Native; 28/404, 7% other and 230/404, 58% male; 174/404, 42% female) of whom 99% (402/404) were on antiretroviral therapy. Participants completed BRACE in a mean of 12 minutes (SD 3.2), and impairment was demonstrated by 34% (136/404) on Trail Making Test A, 44% (177/404) on Trail Making Test B, 40% (161/404) on Stroop Color, and 17% (67/404) on Visual-Spatial Learning Test. Global impairment was demonstrated by 103 out of 404 (25%). Test–retest reliability for the subset of participants (n=26) repeating the measure at 4 weeks was 0.81 and for the subset of participants (n=67) repeating the measure almost 1 year later (days: median 294, IQR 50) was 0.63. There were no significant practice effects at either time point (P=.20 and P=.68, respectively). With respect for validity, the correlation between global impairment on the lengthier cognitive battery and BRACE was 0.63 (n=61; P<.001), with 84% sensitivity and 94% specificity to impairment on the lengthier cognitive battery. Conclusions: We were able to successfully implement BRACE and estimate cognitive impairment burden in the context of routine clinic care. BRACE was also shown to have good psychometric properties. This easy-to-use tool in clinical settings may facilitate the care needs of people with HIV as cognitive impairment continues to remain a concern in people with HIV. 
%M 34499048
%R 10.2196/25660
%U https://mental.jmir.org/2021/9/e25660
%U https://doi.org/10.2196/25660
%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34499048