@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mental.9802,
author="Paolillo, Emily W
and Tang, Bin
and Depp, Colin A
and Rooney, Alexandra S
and Vaida, Florin
and Kaufmann, Christopher N
and Mausbach, Brent T
and Moore, David J
and Moore, Raeanne C",
title="Temporal Associations Between Social Activity and Mood, Fatigue, and Pain in Older Adults With HIV: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study",
journal="JMIR Ment Health",
year="2018",
month="May",
day="14",
volume="5",
number="2",
pages="e38",
keywords="AIDS; ecological momentary assessment; social isolation; happiness; quality of life",
abstract="Background: Social isolation is associated with an increased risk for mental and physical health problems, especially among older persons living with HIV (PLWH). Thus, there is a need to better understand real-time temporal associations between social activity and mood- and health-related factors in this population to inform possible future interventions. Objective: This study aims to examine real-time relationships between social activity and mood, fatigue, and pain in a sample of older PLWH. Methods: A total of 20 older PLWH, recruited from the University of California, San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program in 2016, completed smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys 5 times per day for 1 week. Participants reported their current social activity (alone vs not alone and number of social interactions) and levels of mood (sadness, happiness, and stress), fatigue, and pain. Mixed-effects regression models were used to analyze concurrent and lagged associations among social activity, mood, fatigue, and pain. Results: Participants (mean age 58.8, SD 4.3 years) reported being alone 63{\%} of the time, on average, (SD 31.5{\%}) during waking hours. Being alone was related to lower concurrent happiness (beta=−.300; 95{\%} CI −.525 to −.079; P=.008). In lagged analyses, social activity predicted higher levels of fatigue later in the day (beta=−1.089; 95{\%} CI −1.780 to −0.396; P=.002), and higher pain levels predicted being alone in the morning with a reduced likelihood of being alone as the day progressed (odds ratio 0.945, 95{\%} CI 0.901-0.992; P=.02). Conclusions: The use of EMA elucidated a high rate of time spent alone among older PLWH. Promoting social activity despite the presence of pain or fatigue may improve happiness and psychological well-being in this population. ",
issn="2368-7959",
doi="10.2196/mental.9802",
url="http://mental.jmir.org/2018/2/e38/",
url="https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.9802",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29759960"
}