From the included studies that underwent data extraction, a considerable number explored the role of natural environments in a VR setting on well-being. It is well known that exposure to nature can positively improve well-being, such as daily walks in urban parks, hikes, or gardening [24]. In research led by White et al [25], it was revealed that dedicating 2 hours weekly to nature activities correlated with significantly better health and well-being outcomes compared to individuals with no nature exposure. Specifically, those who spent this time in nature had a 20% higher chance of reporting good health and a 33% higher chance of experiencing high well-being. However, access to stimulating biodiversity may not be possible for every individual, such as students in highly urbanized campuses, disabled individuals, and students who live in climates with long winter seasons. Therefore, VR may serve as an accommodation. Browning et al [11] reveal that 6 minutes of VR in an outdoor nature setting results in high positive affect levels postintervention (P<.001). The study emphasizes the importance of 360-degree nature videos that are immersive and interactive for adequate similarity to the natural world. O’Meara et al [10] revealed that students with high anxiety can benefit from VR nature exposure by significantly reduced negative affect (P=.02). The authors argue that these negative effects can be associated with examination anxiety; thus, VR serves as a well-being tool to reduce student stress.

The significance of the setting in the VR experience, namely nature, over other landscapes is explored within Valtchanov and Ellard’s [9] study. A neutral geometric environment, an urban environment, and a natural environment were randomly allocated to students with induced stress. The nature setting increased positive effects significantly (P<.001) from a mean of 2.21 pre-VR to 3.03 post-VR compared to no effect of the other settings. Self-reported stress significantly decreased in the natural environment (P<.005), unlike the geometric or urban settings [9]. Additionally, differences in the biodiversity of natural environments in VR were also compared within the included studies. Gao et al [12] conclude that despite no significant differences between the VR settings regarding impact on physiological stress, positive mood, or attention, the authors reveal that restorations in negative mood were significantly different (P=.03). Partly open green spaces, defined in the study as having a 10%-30% composition of trees and shrubbery in the VR environment, had the highest significant effect on reducing negative mood (at P<.01) [12]. To summarize, natural environments presented in the medium of VR can promote positive mood, lowered stress, and overall well-being that can supplement a lack of access that students may face. The included studies feature VR through headsets, such as the Oculus Rift. Although such devices may be cheaper than a cell phone, the average student may not want to invest in a ~US $260 headset for the purpose of accessing well-being interventions [26]. Thus, future directions of implementing VR through cell phones that can be mounted onto cheap headsets, such as the Google Cardboard paired with audio, maybe a cost-efficient but impactful VR intervention with nature for students.

Five of the included studies discussed interventions influencing well-being as seen through measures of stress levels. Among many therapy approaches to the reduction of stress and anxiety, relaxation techniques are seen to be very effective [17]. Specifically, the effectiveness of VR therapy was demonstrated through the use of VR environments and relaxing audio. Through the use of the PANSAS questionnaire, a mean score of 32 for positive affect was found as compared to a mean score of 15 for negative affect. Similarly, a study by Plante et al [27] looked at the impacts of VR (paired with aerobic exercise in a laboratory setting) on well-being and stress. Stress and energy were measured under 4 conditions: exercise outdoors, exercise with VR in laboratory conditions, exercise without VR in laboratory conditions, and VR without exercise. Outcomes were measured using Activation-Deactivation Adjective Checklists. It was found that exercising outdoors resulted in the most significant decreases in stress and increases in energy in men (P<.10) and especially in women (P<.50). Women also felt calmer (P<.50) following the VR intervention, although the findings were not significant for the men. While there is room for more research, this finding strengthens the credibility of VR as an intervention to reduce stress.

The rapid development of technology in recent years has impacted how one perceives, interprets, and organizes their day-to-day lives, which may influence one’s health and well-being [28]. When assessing well-being, an aspect that may be considered includes an individual’s sense of presence, which can be described as how one experiences and engages in events and situations at the moment [28]. Specifically, in the case of digital environments and simulations, presence can be referred to as an experience where the user is immersed in the VR environment [29]. A study conducted by Villani et al [16] found that VR intervention involving an environment with nature can help induce psychological and physiological effects such as relaxation (P<.005) and lowered anxiety (P<.01). A similar study conducted by Villani and Riva [15] reported that VR can significantly reduce anxiety levels (P<0.05), manage a state of anxiousness (P<.005), and increase relaxation (P<.01). Both studies used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to gauge anxiety levels, in addition to employing the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Questionnaire to evaluate participant stress levels [15,16]. In the past, researchers have suggested that a greater sense of presence can increase the level of engagement with a digital simulation [29,30]. One study conducted by Mostajeran et al [31] assessed the cognition and stress levels of office workers before and after a VR intervention involving digital plants. It was found that a digital environment with plants (SD 0.82) significantly increased the sense of presence (P<.05) compared to a digital environment where there were no plants (SD 0.87) [31]. Additionally, it was observed that participants performed significantly better on memory tests such as the digit span backward test (P<.05) after the VR intervention [31]. The findings by Mostajeran et al [31] suggest that natural VR environments can help promote a sense of presence, which can have positive effects on productivity levels, as well as mediating stress, which aligns with the findings in this study.

However, not all of the studies showed a benefit from VR. In a study from 2015, a total of 32 female undergraduate students dealing with stress and anxiety in their transition to university completed a quiet ego contemplation intervention, which reminded them of 4 characteristics of the quiet ego: detached awareness, inclusive identity, perspective taking, and growth [14]. They were split into 3 groups: an audio recording describing the 4 characteristics, the same audio recording paired with VR of a park scene, and a control group in which participants perused nature magazines. The participants completed three 15-minute sessions of their assigned condition over 6 weeks. The study found that adding the VR component to quiet ego contemplation reduced the degree to which participants felt “in the moment” (t₂₈=2.66; P<.05). The authors hypothesized that this could be explained by the low-quality headset that was used, which was uncomfortable for participants and by the self-directed aspect of the VR, which may have been more distracting than a guided VR experience would have been.

The final theme extracted from the studies included covered measures of well-being as seen in academic contexts. These studies included participants in academic institutions who are facing many stressors as a result of their academic careers. Two of those studies recruited nursing students; 1 study used cognitive behavioral therapy and progressive muscle relaxation, and the other study administered a mindfulness meditation intervention [19,20]. Ortega et al [19] used the KEZKAK questionnaire and the state-trait anxiety test as a measuring tool for stress levels. They found overall lower scores for both tests among participants who underwent the intervention with P values of .019 for the KEZKAK questionnaire and .004 for the state-trait anxiety test [19]. Similarly, Chen et al [20] used the self-rating anxiety scale as a measurement tool, where lower rates of anxiety were reported for participants in the intervention group. In considering these findings, the strength of digital-based interventions to decrease stress is further reinforced. The authors of both studies argue that these types of intervention are necessary for students to be able to function healthily and excel in their fields [19,20].

A common intervention method among these studies was the use of VR headsets. Kaplan-Rakowski et al [18] used VR headsets in their study for a meditation intervention. This was used for the experimental group, while the control group went through the intervention by watching it on a monitor. Participants went through a pretest and posttest, which entailed basic computer science tasks. It was found that the VR group (0.03) showed a higher mean difference in test scores as compared to the control group (–0.19). Berezina et al’s [23] intervention also used a VR headset. Participants in experimental group A watched a stimulating scene, followed by a relaxing scene, while participants in experimental group B watched a relaxing scene followed by a stimulating scene. Finally, there was a control group, which did not watch anything. They found that while both experimental groups experienced a decrease in fatigue, experimental group B showed a less pronounced decrease as compared to experimental group A. The final study on this theme used a VR intervention aimed at reducing stress. There were 3 groups: one which underwent a group mindfulness session, another which went through a VR session, and a control group. Modrego-Alarcón et al [22] found that participants in the mindfulness-based program showed the lowest levels of stress as compared to any other group. Additionally, the VR group scored lower stress levels compared to the control group. Overall, the studies show that VR, well-being interventions are effective in reducing stress levels and promoting relaxation among students, especially those in higher institutions.

Included studies analyzed within defined categories that supported qualitative analyses of excerpts within niches of productivity that are rarely explored in demographics of young adults. This systematic review provided a diverse understanding of various techniques and research approaches to well-being in psychology in the present literature. However, given the limited research conducted on the demographic of young adults within well-being from a digital standpoint, included studies demonstrated heterogeneity, which precluded meta and statistical analyses; thus, a qualitative analysis of studies was provided. Other limitations included exclusions based on languages that were not English, which do not extend the research boundaries to non–English-speaking demographics. Additionally, given the nuance of recent developments in technology, a lack of longitudinal studies may limit the application of this systematic review. Thus, elements that may be beneficial or consequential to study participants may not be adequately observed as well-being can be a culminated outcome of long-term behaviors.

In conclusion, this systematic review aimed at evaluating the efficacy of VR interventions to promote the well-being of students and young adults. To achieve this, studies were divided into themes of nature, stress, and academic contexts as focuses of interventions. Overall, the included studies reveal that VR interventions pose a promising medium to reduce the stress experienced by young adults and students, which can ultimately improve well-being. These findings reveal that VR may serve as an accessible, affordable tool for students and young adults to promote well-being or lower stress levels. However, there are some limitations to the review. The included studies tend to have smaller sample sizes, which may not be representative of students as a whole. A total of 20 studies were included in the final phase of extraction. Future directions may include expanding the search criteria to include more studies that may have higher sample sizes.