African American individuals are more likely to experience severe depression than White individuals but less likely to receive treatment [1,2]. Depression and other mental health disorders are even more common in African American individuals living with chronic health conditions [3,4]. One particularly vulnerable population is individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), a heritable condition that affects millions of people worldwide and >100,000 people in the United States, most of whom are of African descent [5]. Among patients with SCD, 38.8% present with mental health disorders [6]. A review of the literature on mental health symptoms in SCD found that 22% to 57% of individuals with SCD report clinically significant depressive symptoms depression when screened [7]. Similarly, anxiety disorders are also high in this population. In a worldwide study of quality of life among patients with SCD, 38% reported having symptoms of anxiety [8].

Depression and anxiety disorders not only lead to poorer quality of life but in patients with SCD, depression is associated with increased pain frequency and duration, pain-related hospitalizations, opioid dependence, medical costs, and risk of mortality [9,10]. Despite the high prevalence of mental health disorders and the links among depression, anxiety, and SCD-related health outcomes, mental health is rarely assessed, let alone treated as a part of routine SCD care. This is a major gap in care, given that effective and cost-efficient mental health treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exist but are often not part of comprehensive SCD care [11-15].

There are several barriers to the implementation of face-to-face behavioral health care in SCD clinics. Access to CBT is limited because of the expense of providing face-to-face therapy in low-resource clinical settings and a shortage of available CBT-trained therapists, especially those who are culturally competent to work with hard-to-reach minority populations. Even when CBT is available, therapy is time-consuming and requires traveling to a clinic, which is challenging for adult patients with major social and economic challenges [16-18] and for the parents of adolescent patients [19].

However, technology may be able to overcome these barriers and increase access to CBT among patients with SCD. Over the past 2 decades, face-to-face CBT has been adapted so that it can be delivered over the phone; over the internet via a desktop computer; and more recently, via mobile devices. These programs often combine a digital education component with personalized support, usually through a health coach [20,21]. Digital CBT makes it possible to deliver high-quality, evidence-based behavioral mental health treatments at scale in SCD care, in which face-to-face CBT may not be feasible [14,22]. The main limitation of digital CBT in SCD care is that its uptake and engagement are often poor among minority race and ethnic groups, and even when made available, patients with SCD may not use digital CBT [13]. One digital CBT trial showed that African American individuals in primary care with depression and anxiety were less likely than White individuals to start the digital CBT program (75% vs 87%) and complete all available modules (29% vs 43%) [12,13]. One potential explanation for racial differences in digital CBT uptake and engagement is that Black patients may find that the content is not relevant or relatable to them and does not represent their real-world cultural and health experience [14]. However, no qualitative studies have examined barriers to and strategies for improving the implementation of digital CBT in routine SCD care.

The objective of this study was to conduct a series of qualitative focus groups to determine the factors that promote the successful implementation and uptake of a health coach–supported digital CBT program for mental health in SCD care. Among patients with SCD, adolescents and young adults are at high risk for depression and anxiety [23-25], have an increased risk of complications [26], and have the highest rate of acute care encounters and rehospitalizations [27]. Therefore, we focused on improving digital CBT uptake and engagement primarily among adolescents and young adults with SCD. The focus group findings described herein will be used to tailor an existing health coach–supported digital CBT program to enhance its implementation among individuals with SCD.

We used a convenience sampling strategy, working with SCD-focused community-based organizations to recruit focus group participants residing in diverse locations across the United States. Participants were referred to the study team through these organizations and were contacted by the study team via email. Owing to the geographical dispersion of our sample and to maintain the safety of participant and study team during the COVID-19 pandemic, focus groups were internet based. The target participants for these focus groups were adolescents or young adults who reported having an “interest in or experience with mental health.” The target size for these focus group ranged from 8 to 10 participants. The focus group facilitator verbally provided potential participants with information regarding elements of informed consent before the start of each focus group (eg, risks and benefits, participation procedures, data use, and the voluntary nature of the project), and after verbal consent was obtained, the focus groups proceeded using an institutional review board–approved focus group guide. Our focus group guide included questions regarding the impact of SCD on mental health and their attitudes and preferences regarding digital tools designed to support management of mental health symptoms. During the focus groups, participants were shown screenshots of a health coach–supported digital CBT program called RxWell, which is offered by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health Plan, to promote conversation related to the program’s elements, layout, and graphics. The app is publicly available on the Google Play and Apple app stores and is free of cost for University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health Plan members. For each element of the digital CBT program (ie, in-app techniques, symptom tracking, and digital coaching), participants were asked to express their general perceptions of each element, why they would or would not engage with various program components, their perceptions of the look and relatability of the program, and their preferences regarding coach communication. Focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim and participants received a US $30 food service gift card for their participation.

A total of 3 coders participated in the analysis. The primary qualitative coder led the development of the initial code book. The codebook draft was tested by 2 secondary coders who used the first 2 transcripts. All 3 coders then met to talk through and to finalize the codebook. The primary and one of the secondary coders coded all 5 transcripts, meeting after each focus group to discuss similarities and differences. The third coder adjudicated all the disagreements. We did not record precise frequencies of comments because of the difficulty in quantifying focus group dynamics (eg, a participant may be the first to comment, with others providing affirmation through head nods or other forms of nonverbal agreement). Thus, we have chosen to use words, such as “some” or “many,” to provide a meaningful reflection of the commonality of responses without quantification. Individual comments are noted as such or provided as a quotation.

The study protocol was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Human Research Protections Office (Study20070307) and was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the responsible institution on human participants as well as in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

We recruited 25 African American individuals with SCD for this study. On the basis of their availability, the individuals participated in one of five 90-minute focus groups conducted between December 2020 and March 2021. The focus group size ranged from 3 to 9 participants. Participants were, on average, aged 23 years (range 16-47 years with 1 missing); 52% (13/25) were female, 32% (8/25) were male, 4% (1/25) were nonbinary, and 12% (3/25) did not disclose their gender. Only one participant had a previous exposure to RxWell.

People with SCD are at a high risk of developing mental health disorders [7,10,28,29]. Digital CBT has been found to be an effective, scalable, and cost-efficient method for treating mental health problems among patients with diverse psychiatric disorders [30,31]. Despite positive evidence for digital CBT, African American patients are less likely to use and engage with these types of interventions compared with White patients [13]. To fill this gap and to guide the design of these programs, it is critical to request insights from patients regarding what would be engaging and useful to them. Therefore, this study conducted a series of focus groups with adolescents and adults with SCD to better understand their perceptions of digital CBT, identify features that would enhance engagement in our digital CBT program, and take initial steps in developing a framework to guide the design of digital interventions that target underrepresented groups, such as patients with SCD. The focus groups revealed 5 themes that described best practices to promote engagement with a digital CBT program for mental health.

First, patients crave social connections and desire to feel a sense of belonging. Patients with SCD often express a fear of rejection when disclosing their SCD status and desire understanding and support from their peers. Symptoms of SCD impede engagement in social activities, employment, and school, and concerns regarding their peers’ perceptions may discourage individuals with SCD from establishing relationships or seeking support [32-34]. Both adolescents and adults recognize the importance of all forms of social support in their lives; however, social support from other individuals with SCD plays a unique role, because these connections provide the opportunity to empathize with each other’s experiences and share strategies and skills for coping with SCD.

The success and relevance of social support features in these apps have varied based on the target population [35-38], hence there is a need to evaluate the potential of interventions that increase social support to improve mental health among patients with SCD. Features that allow for increased social connection and encourage social identity among patients with SCD may yield additional mental health benefits that could lead to a further reduction in depression and other mental health disorders [39,40]. Social connections and support between peers living with SCD provide an opportunity to develop a social support network outside the app user’s family and health care team [35]. Many participants in this study recommended tools that allow connection with other app users with similar struggles and experiences. Incorporating components of social connections, such as digital support groups or peer connect features, may enhance the efficacy of digital CBT.

The presence of a health coach may be another way to foster social connection. Health coaching or real-time support has been shown to be a critical component of the effectiveness of digital CBT [30,31]. However, there is no evidence to detail how digital health coaching can be tailored to SCD or other minority populations. The adoption of techniques to ensure personalized treatment may be beneficial. These include using the patient’s name throughout, tailoring information specific to the individual user, including multiple modes of communication, and addressing patient concerns that are not directly related to disease pathology.

The literature varies, but several characteristics contribute to the effectiveness of peer coaches. Overall, it seems that the background, attitude, and empathy of the coach are the most important for building a relationship with the participant. Ideally, coaches should share a similar background with the participant, either sharing the same chronic illness or having a similar chronic illness that shares management skills, or the coaches should come from the same community as the participant [41]. Community health workers, who are also a source of social support and may encourage behavior change or provide coaching that supports behavior change, are the most effective when they share a common background with the community they serve [41]. In addition, prior research on other chronic disease populations suggests that successful peer coaches may not need to have high disease-related self-efficacy; in fact, peer coaches who have struggled may be less intimidating for participants and may be more successful in building rapport with their mentee [42].

Our participants also expressed mixed preferences regarding health coach qualifications, with some wanting coaching from a person with SCD, while others said that a professional would be preferred. The varied needs and expectations of patients with SCD may affect what kind of health coach is the most suitable. In particular, patients who lack peer social support may benefit greatly from a health coach who has experience in managing SCD whom they can confide in. Likewise, those who already have strong social networks may prefer professionals. Preferences for a peer versus professional coach could be tied to what concerns are most salient for the individual participant, for example an eHealth intervention that used advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) found that patients were comfortable texting the APRN regarding physical symptoms but were less comfortable discussing personal problems, even when invited to share such experiences [43].

Participants in this study did not want the digital CBT intervention to focus exclusively on SCD as the sole source of depression, anxiety, or stress, and the ability to talk to a peer coach regarding personal problems unrelated to SCD may be crucial for some participants. However, it is worth noting that these preferences are not universal. Jacob et al [43] reported that some patients with SCD expressed appreciation knowing that the APRNs cared and were available to talk even though they may not have chosen to discuss personal problems, and some enjoyed having conversations with the APRNs regarding their personal life in addition to communicating regarding their SCD. Although patient preferences regarding coach qualifications may vary, this finding reinforces the importance of the coach’s interpersonal skills, whether they are a peer with SCD or a professional.

Given the variability in participants’ preferences for coaches, the consideration of each participant’s preferences during coach assignment could be beneficial in increasing engagement. Providing access to the background and expertise of health coaches may foster connections between users and coaches. For example, a successful study of peer coaches for patients with diabetes that saw improvements in hemoglobin A_1C used a booklet that included a photo and brief description of each coach to elicit participants’ preferences [42]. A similar guidebook could be used in the future to pair digital CBT SCD participants with their coaches. Our participants also expressed the importance of having one health coach as the main point of contact for digital CBT during the course of the intervention. This approach may also be crucial to maintaining engagement, as consistency gives both coach and participant time to build a trusting relationship, and gives the coach the opportunity to learn more about the individual participant and provide the personalized support that the participant desires. Attempting to match participants and coaches as much as possible based on availability and preference may help prevent attrition and increase participant engagement in the digital CBT intervention.

Journaling and symptoms tracking were features that patients felt were important for inclusion in a mental health app. Several SCD studies have implemented e-diaries that provide an ecological momentary assessment that quantitatively tracks real-time disease-related symptoms [22,44]. Several participants in this study indicated that quantitative tracking of symptoms, such as pain, activity, mood, and sleep, is beneficial and an app feature that they thought is important for understanding their health. However, participants also emphasized the importance of narrative journaling to fully understand the factors associated with their health and wellness. To the best of our knowledge, no study has implemented a narrative journaling feature in mobile mental health apps for SCD. Journal features may provide users with an alternative method for reflection and increase self-awareness while providing additional mental health benefits [45,46]. Expressive writing is a well-known therapeutic intervention with both physical and psychological health benefits [47]. Thus, including a journaling feature in mental health apps, implemented as open-ended text or voice entry, may not only help patients identify factors associated with their symptoms but may also provide a therapeutic effect via emotional disclosure. The developers of behavioral mental health apps for this population should consider not only having an e-diary feature that allows for quantitative tracking of symptoms but also a narrative journal feature that allows more open-ended expression and documentation of an individual’s day-to-day experiences.

The sample obtained for this study was relatively small, with one focus group having only 3 of the 10 scheduled participants in attendance. Thus, some data may not encompass the unique preferences and needs of this population. In addition, this study intentionally focused on individuals with SCD, with a sample age range primarily limited to individuals aged <30 years (only one participant was aged >30 years). Older individuals may have different perspectives and preferences than younger individuals. Therefore, although much of the presented information may apply to other chronic disease populations and age groups, careful consideration should be given when translating these findings to other populations.

On the basis of the findings of this study, we have broad recommendations for designing digital CBT programs for adolescents and young adults with SCD.