This cross-sectional study used the results of a web-based survey administered during the United Kingdom’s first national lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic with a snowball sampling technique.

The survey was published online between April 24 and June 27, 2020. Participants were presented with an information sheet and asked to provided consent before completing the survey questions.

Ethical approval was received from the King’s College London Research Ethics Committee (HR-19/20-18180).

Participants were UK residents aged ≥16 years and were recruited using social media and other web-based platforms (eg, community mental health forums and newsletters) as well as through mental health service user advisory groups.

A clinical measure was selected to establish symptoms of depression, but pandemic-specific questions were developed through themes extracted from a series of qualitative interviews with mental health service users and caregivers about coping during the COVID-19 pandemic [4]. Measures of time and demographics were also collected.

A hierarchical logistic regression was performed, using a forced entry method, and included time since the start of the lockdown, age, gender, ethnicity, mental health service user status, level of depression, and employment status (step 1), social distancing impacts (step 2), communication impacts (step 3), and technology use impacts (step 4) of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on the dependent variable—increased communication using technology. Interaction terms with “time” were included for all variables to investigate the change at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.

We found that the employed and those experiencing lower levels of depression were more likely to report that they were using technology to communicate more during the first lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic and that changes in technology use were motivated by social distancing and communication rather than changes in general technology usage during the first lockdown. Overall, these results indicate that use of technology to communicate with others (eg, to maintain social connection and access support networks) rose independently of any general change in technology use during this period (eg, watching television or checking social media).

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and self-isolation guidelines meant that people had to shift toward using technology to continue to communicate with others and seek social support. Our results suggest that people experiencing depression were less likely to have adapted to the changes in communication and this was largely anticipated, when one considers that depression can reduce motivation to engage in social interaction [6] and limit social problem-solving abilities [7]. Research has shown that people that have felt more connected to members of their community during the pandemic have experienced lower levels of depression, anxiety, and loneliness [8]. Communication via technology could be an effective coping strategy that individuals employ to maintain social connection, access support, and manage the psychological effects of lockdown [4,9-11]. It is concerning that people experiencing high levels of depression were less likely to report an increased use of technology to communicate with others because this may have left them more vulnerable to the deleterious mental health effects of the lockdown.

Those who were employed during the first COVID-19 lockdown period were more likely to report increased communication using technology. Technology has been an efficacious and convenient tool for communicating with colleagues, working, and accessing vital support networks during the lockdown [12,13]. Social distancing regulations and government advice stipulated that people should work from home wherever possible, and an increase in the prevalence of working from home offers a reasonable explanation as to why those in employment were using technology for communication during the lockdown [13]. Conversely, individuals who were unemployed are likely to have been using technology to communicate with others prior to the COVID-19 lockdown period and to have continued to do so at a similar rate, because they did not face the same pressure to increase their use of technology. Additionally, individuals who are unemployed or from low-income households are more vulnerable to digital exclusion [14] and may have lacked access to the technological resources (eg, data packages, internet access) necessary to increase communication via technology.

The interaction between gender and time is harder to interpret but demonstrates that men were more likely to report a change in their use of technology as the lockdown progressed. This supports evidence that suggests that women found social isolation and distancing more difficult and were more likely to report using internet-based technologies to cope with the stress of the pandemic [10,15]. However, our results suggest that men may experience a delayed response to the impacts of social distancing, turning to technological communication much later in periods of lockdown.

Cross-sectional designs cannot determine causality and data from longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle the precise relationship between the different factors examined. The variables we explored may be interrelated; for example, people who reported higher levels of depression may have been less likely to be employed and therefore less likely to report using technology earlier on during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, withdrawal associated with depression may not be specific to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although our sample had enough variation to identify specific factors that affect communication via technology, participants needed access to technology and the internet to take part in the web-based survey, which will have introduced sampling bias and likely concealed the most digitally excluded members of society.

In a climate of unprecedented uncertainty, people have shown incredible resilience and resourcefulness, but have become ever more reliant on technology. Although many people reported that they were communicating more using technology, this change has been most apparent in people who were employed and less prominent in those experiencing higher levels of depression. It is also evident that increased technology use was partly driven by the social distancing and communication consequences of the lockdown rather than a general increase in technology use. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, we expect that there will be a greater integration of technology into our lives, and therefore we must continue to examine changing technology use and monitor groups who may be excluded from the benefits of support and communication using technology.